Trial explorer

Every trial in the timelines, with the headline result exactly as published. Each row links to the trial page and to the milestone it belongs to. Results from different trials are not directly comparable.

Showing 1003 of 1003 trials.

Trials, with cancer, treatment type, setting, phase, year, endpoint and headline result, linked to their milestones
			Treatment	Setting	Phase		Headline result (as published)
cll-trialists-meta-analysis	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	1955	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	meta-analysis	—	OS: 44% vs 47% at 120 moMilestone: Chlorambucil: the oral alkylating-agent reference for CLL
myeloma-trialists-overview-1998	Multiple myeloma	1962	Chemotherapy	Any setting	meta-analysis	6,633	ORR: 60% vs 53.2%Milestone: Melphalan, then melphalan plus prednisone, in myeloma
DFCI 05-001	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	1967	Chemotherapy	Any setting	3	463	Asparaginase-related toxicity: 28% vs 26%Milestone: Asparaginase: from 1967 leukemia reports to a core ALL drug
EBCTCG	Breast cancer	1971	Endocrine, Chemotherapy, Radiation	Adjuvant, Metastatic	meta-analysis	—	OS: 61.4% vs 50.5% at 120 moMilestone: Tamoxifen: from ICI 46474 to adjuvant standard
EBCTCG	Breast cancer	1971	Endocrine	Adjuvant, Metastatic	meta-analysis	21,457	Any first recurrence: HR 0.53Milestone: Tamoxifen: from ICI 46474 to adjuvant standard
HIP⚑ needs review	Breast cancer	1971	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	—	No results recordedMilestone: First screening RCTs: HIP (1971) and Swedish counties (1985)
ici46474-christie-1971	Breast cancer	1971	Endocrine	Adjuvant, Metastatic	—	46	Clinical response rate: see trialMilestone: Tamoxifen: from ICI 46474 to adjuvant standard
NSABP B-14	Breast cancer	1971	Endocrine	Adjuvant, Metastatic	—	2,644	OS: 93% vs 92% at 48 moMilestone: Tamoxifen: from ICI 46474 to adjuvant standard
swedish-county-screening-trial	Breast cancer	1971	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	162,981	No results recordedMilestone: First screening RCTs: HIP (1971) and Swedish counties (1985)
bonadonna-abvd-vs-mopp	Hodgkin lymphoma	1975	Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic	—	60	CR rate: 75% vs 76%Milestone: ABVD versus MOPP: preliminary randomised results (Bonadonna)
dartmouth-vs-dacarbazine-1999	Melanoma	1975	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	240	ORR: 18.5% vs 10.2%Milestone: Dacarbazine: the reference single agent in metastatic melanoma
PEPI	Endometrial cancer	1975	Understanding, Detection & prevention	Prevention	—	596	Simple (cystic) hyperplasia: 27.7% vs 0.8%Milestone: Two 1975 studies link estrogen use to endometrial cancer
samuels-1975-bleomycin-combinations	Testicular germ cell tumors	1975	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	—	90	ORR: see trialMilestone: Bleomycin combinations for testicular cancer (1975)
samuels-1975-continuous-bleomycin	Testicular germ cell tumors	1975	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	—	23	Complete response rate: see trialMilestone: Bleomycin combinations for testicular cancer (1975)
temozolomide-vs-dacarbazine-2000	Melanoma	1975	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	305	OS: median 7.7 vs 6.4 monthsMilestone: Dacarbazine: the reference single agent in metastatic melanoma
milan-cmf-adjuvant	Breast cancer	1976	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	—	386	Treatment failure: 5.3% vs 24% at 27 moMilestone: Adjuvant CMF chemotherapy after mastectomy (Milan, 1976)
NWTS-1	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	1976	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery, Understanding	Any setting	—	606	No results recordedMilestone: NWTS-1: randomised trial of radiotherapy and chemotherapy
einhorn-1977-pvb-series	Testicular germ cell tumors	1977	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	—	50	Complete response rate: see trialMilestone: PVB: high remission rates in disseminated testis cancer (1977)
NWTS-5	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	1978	Understanding, Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Any setting	3	2,021	No results recordedMilestone: NWTS-1 histology: anaplastic and sarcomatous tumours fare worse
walker-1978-bcnu-radiotherapy-anaplastic-glioma	Glioblastoma	1978	Radiation, Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	—	303	No results recordedMilestone: Randomised trials of postoperative radiotherapy and nitrosoureas
goldman-1986-bmt-cml	Chronic myeloid leukemia	1979	Cell therapy & transplant	Any setting	observational	70	OS: see trialMilestone: Marrow transplant in CML: identical twins, then matched siblings
koreth-2009-allo-sct-meta	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	1979	Cell therapy & transplant	Any setting	meta-analysis	6,007	RFS: HR 0.80 (95% CI 0.74–0.86)Milestone: Allogeneic transplant in first remission of AML
zittoun-1995-eortc-gimema	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	1979	Cell therapy & transplant	Any setting	—	623	DFS: 55% vs 30% at 48 moMilestone: Allogeneic transplant in first remission of AML
aalders-stage-i-pelvic-radiotherapy	Endometrial cancer	1980	Radiation	Adjuvant	—	540	Vaginal and pelvic recurrence: 1.9% vs 6.9%Milestone: Adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy: less recurrence, no survival gain shown
ASTEC/EN.5	Endometrial cancer	1980	Radiation	Adjuvant	—	905	OS: 84% vs 84% at 60 mo, HR 1.05 (95% CI 0.75–1.48)Milestone: Adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy: less recurrence, no survival gain shown
GOG-99	Endometrial cancer	1980	Radiation	Adjuvant	3	448	Cumulative incidence of recurrence: 3% vs 12% at 24 moMilestone: Adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy: less recurrence, no survival gain shown
PORTEC-1	Endometrial cancer	1980	Radiation	Adjuvant	—	715	Locoregional recurrence: 4% vs 14% at 60 moMilestone: Adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy: less recurrence, no survival gain shown
calgb-aml-anthracycline-1982	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	1981	Chemotherapy	Any setting	—	—	Complete remission rate: 72% vs 59%Milestone: Cytarabine with an anthracycline: CALGB trials in AML, 1981-82
IESS-I	Sarcoma and GIST	1981	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Localised	—	342	RFS: 60% vs 24% at 60 moMilestone: Intergroup Ewing's Sarcoma Studies: multimodal therapy
IESS-II	Sarcoma and GIST	1981	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Localised	—	214	DFS: 68% vs 48% at 60 moMilestone: Intergroup Ewing's Sarcoma Studies: multimodal therapy
Milan I	Breast cancer	1981	Surgery, Radiation	Localised	—	701	Local recurrence: 8.8% vs 2.3%Milestone: Breast conservation vs mastectomy: Milan I, NSABP B-04 and B-06
NSABP B-04	Breast cancer	1981	Surgery, Radiation	Localised	—	1,665	OS: HR 1.08 (95% CI 0.91–1.28)Milestone: Breast conservation vs mastectomy: Milan I, NSABP B-04 and B-06
NSABP B-06	Breast cancer	1981	Surgery, Radiation	Localised	—	—	IBTR: see trialMilestone: Breast conservation vs mastectomy: Milan I, NSABP B-04 and B-06
HERO	Prostate cancer	1982	Endocrine	Metastatic	3	930	Sustained castration rate: 96.7% vs 88.8%Milestone: LHRH agonists and medical castration (Tolis, 1982)
limb-sparing-vs-amputation-rct	Sarcoma and GIST	1982	Surgery, Radiation, Chemotherapy	Localised	—	43	DFS: 71% vs 78% at 60 moMilestone: Randomised trial: limb-sparing surgery plus radiotherapy vs amputation
rosen-preop-chemo-series	Sarcoma and GIST	1982	Chemotherapy, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	—	57	Continuous disease-free rate: see trialMilestone: Preoperative chemotherapy tailors osteosarcoma treatment
siop-1977-1979	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	1983	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	—	164	No results recordedMilestone: SIOP and UK trials of preoperative chemotherapy before nephrectomy
UKW3	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	1983	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	—	205	Stage III at nephrectomy: 9.8% vs 29.8%Milestone: SIOP and UK trials of preoperative chemotherapy before nephrectomy
mvac-sternberg-1985-series	Bladder cancer	1985	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	—	25	Complete response rate: see trialMilestone: MVAC: combination chemotherapy for advanced urothelial cancer
mvac-vs-cisplatin-intergroup	Bladder cancer	1985	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	—	269	OS: median 12.5 vs 8.2 monthsMilestone: MVAC: combination chemotherapy for advanced urothelial cancer
link-osteosarcoma-adjuvant-1986	Sarcoma and GIST	1986	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	—	36	RFS: 66% vs 17% at 24 moMilestone: Randomised trials: adjuvant chemotherapy for osteosarcoma
GOG-33⚑ needs review	Endometrial cancer	1987	Understanding, Surgery	Localised	observational	621	Disease outside the uterus at surgery: see trialMilestone: GOG-33: surgical-pathologic spread in stage I disease
williams-1987-bep-vs-pvb	Testicular germ cell tumors	1987	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	—	261	Disease-free status after treatment: 83% vs 74%Milestone: BEP versus PVB: etoposide replaces vinblastine
williams-1987-stage-ii-adjuvant-vs-observation	Testicular germ cell tumors	1987	Chemotherapy, Surgery	Adjuvant	—	195	Relapse rate: 6% vs 49%Milestone: Adjuvant chemotherapy vs observation after RPLND, stage II
huang-atra-apl-1988	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	1988	Targeted	Any setting	—	24	Complete remission rate: see trialMilestone: All-trans retinoic acid induces complete remission in APL
intergroup-melanoma-surgical-trial-2cm-vs-4cm⚑ needs review	Melanoma	1988	Surgery	Localised	—	740	Local recurrence at excision site: 0.8% vs 1.7%Milestone: Narrower excision margins: randomised trials from 1988 to 2016
irs-i-rhabdomyosarcoma	Sarcoma and GIST	1988	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Localised, Metastatic	—	686	OS: see trialMilestone: Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Studies I to IV: successive protocols
irs-ii-rhabdomyosarcoma	Sarcoma and GIST	1988	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Localised, Metastatic	—	999	OS: see trialMilestone: Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Studies I to IV: successive protocols
irs-iii-rhabdomyosarcoma	Sarcoma and GIST	1988	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Localised, Metastatic	—	1,062	PFS: see trialMilestone: Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Studies I to IV: successive protocols
irs-iv-rhabdomyosarcoma	Sarcoma and GIST	1988	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Localised, Metastatic	—	883	FFS: 77% vs 75% at 36 moMilestone: Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Studies I to IV: successive protocols
nci-til-1988	Melanoma	1988	Cell therapy & transplant, Immunotherapy	Metastatic	—	20	ORR: see trialMilestone: TIL plus IL-2 in metastatic melanoma: NCI preliminary report (1988)
nci-til-2011	Melanoma	1988	Cell therapy & transplant, Immunotherapy	Metastatic	—	93	ORR: see trialMilestone: TIL plus IL-2 in metastatic melanoma: NCI preliminary report (1988)
swedish-melanoma-study-group-2cm-vs-5cm	Melanoma	1988	Surgery	Localised	—	989	OS: HR 0.96 (95% CI 0.75–1.24)Milestone: Narrower excision margins: randomised trials from 1988 to 2016
thomas-2004-margins-1cm-vs-3cm	Melanoma	1988	Surgery	Localised	—	900	Melanoma locoregional recurrence: HR 1.26 (95% CI 1.00–1.59)Milestone: Narrower excision margins: randomised trials from 1988 to 2016
veronesi-1988-margins-1cm-vs-3cm	Melanoma	1988	Surgery	Localised	—	—	Regional lymph node metastasis: 4.6% vs 6.5%Milestone: Narrower excision margins: randomised trials from 1988 to 2016
NWTS-3	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	1989	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Any setting	—	1,439	No results recordedMilestone: NWTS-3 and NWTS-4: shorter and pulse-intensive chemotherapy
NWTS-4	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	1989	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Any setting	—	1,687	RFS: 91.3% vs 91.4% at 24 moMilestone: NWTS-3 and NWTS-4: shorter and pulse-intensive chemotherapy
sectg-bep-3-vs-4-cycles	Testicular germ cell tumors	1989	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	184	Disease-free status after treatment: 98% vs 97%Milestone: Three cycles of BEP for good-prognosis disease
kolb-1995-dli-ebmt⚑ needs review	Chronic myeloid leukemia	1990	Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	observational	135	CR: see trialMilestone: Donor leukocyte transfusions for relapse after transplant (1990)
moertel-levamisole-fu-adjuvant⚑ needs review	Colorectal cancer	1990	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	—	1,296	No results recordedMilestone: Adjuvant fluorouracil plus levamisole for stage III colon cancer
french-cll-fludarabine-cap-chop	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	1991	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	—	938	ORR: 71.1% vs 71.5%Milestone: Fludarabine: 1991 US approval and a 2000 trial against chlorambucil
lamm-1991-bcg-vs-doxorubicin	Bladder cancer	1991	Immunotherapy	Localised, Adjuvant	—	262	DFS: 37% vs 17% at 60 moMilestone: BCG versus intravesical doxorubicin, then BCG maintenance
rai-2000-fludarabine-chlorambucil	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	1991	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	—	509	CR rate: 20% vs 4%Milestone: Fludarabine: 1991 US approval and a 2000 trial against chlorambucil
swog-bcg-maintenance-lamm-2000	Bladder cancer	1991	Immunotherapy	Localised, Adjuvant	—	550	RFS: median 76.8 vs 35.7 monthsMilestone: BCG versus intravesical doxorubicin, then BCG maintenance
sylvester-2002-bcg-progression-meta-analysis	Bladder cancer	1991	Immunotherapy	Localised, Adjuvant	meta-analysis	4,863	Progression to stage T2 or higher: 9.8% vs 13.8%Milestone: BCG versus intravesical doxorubicin, then BCG maintenance
sylvester-2005-bcg-vs-chemotherapy-cis-meta-analysis	Bladder cancer	1991	Immunotherapy	Localised, Adjuvant	meta-analysis	700	Complete response in carcinoma in situ: 68.1% vs 51.5%Milestone: BCG versus intravesical doxorubicin, then BCG maintenance
va-laryngeal-cancer-study	Head and neck cancer	1991	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Locally advanced	—	332	OS: 68% vs 68% at 24 moMilestone: Induction chemotherapy plus radiation preserved the larynx (VA)
CALGB 8251	Hodgkin lymphoma	1992	Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic	—	361	CR rate: 83% vs 67%Milestone: CALGB: ABVD and MOPP/ABVD versus MOPP in advanced disease
INT 0123	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	1992	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced	3	236	OS: median 13 vs 18.1 monthsMilestone: RTOG 85-01: chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone
MRC TE08	Testicular germ cell tumors	1992	Surgery, Understanding	Localised	—	—	Relapse with intermediate or poor prognosis: 0.8% vs 0.6%Milestone: Surveillance after orchidectomy for stage I non-seminoma
mrc-interferon-vs-mpa-rcc	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	1992	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	—	—	OS: median 8.5 vs 6 months, HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.55–0.94)Milestone: Cytokine therapy: high-dose interleukin-2 and interferon alfa
mrc-stage-i-nsgct-surveillance	Testicular germ cell tumors	1992	Surgery, Understanding	Localised	observational	373	RFR: see trialMilestone: Surveillance after orchidectomy for stage I non-seminoma
MSLT-I	Melanoma	1992	Surgery, Understanding	Localised	3	2,001	DFS: 78.3% vs 73.1% at 60 mo, HR 0.74 (95% CI 0.59–0.93)Milestone: Sentinel-node biopsy: Morton 1992 to MSLT-I (2006, 2014)
RTOG 85-01	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	1992	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced	3	121	OS: median 12.5 vs 8.9 monthsMilestone: RTOG 85-01: chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone
SCOPE1	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	1992	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced	2/3	258	Treatment failure-free at 24 weeks: 66.4% vs 76.9%Milestone: RTOG 85-01: chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone
bnli-beam-abmt-relapsed	Hodgkin lymphoma	1993	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	—	40	No results recordedMilestone: High-dose BEAM with transplant for relapsed Hodgkin's disease
european-apl-91	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	1993	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Any setting	—	101	Complete remission rate: 91% vs 81%Milestone: ATRA in randomized trials for newly diagnosed APL, 1993-1997
funen-fobt-trial	Colorectal cancer	1993	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	—	No results recordedMilestone: Faecal occult blood screening trials and mortality
german-cml-hu-vs-busulfan-1993	Chronic myeloid leukemia	1993	Chemotherapy	Any setting	3	441	OS: median 58.2 vs 45.4 monthsMilestone: Hydroxyurea versus busulfan: the German CML Study Group trial
ghsg-ebmt-beam-hsct-relapsed	Hodgkin lymphoma	1993	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	—	161	FFTF: 55% vs 34% at 36 moMilestone: High-dose BEAM with transplant for relapsed Hodgkin's disease
minnesota-colon-cancer-control-study	Colorectal cancer	1993	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	46,551	No results recordedMilestone: Faecal occult blood screening trials and mortality
north-american-intergroup-apl	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	1993	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Any setting	—	346	Complete remission rate: 72% vs 69%Milestone: ATRA in randomized trials for newly diagnosed APL, 1993-1997
nottingham-fobt-trial	Colorectal cancer	1993	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	152,850	No results recordedMilestone: Faecal occult blood screening trials and mortality
NPS	Colorectal cancer	1993	Detection & prevention	Prevention, Screening	observational	1,418	No results recordedMilestone: Polypectomy and colorectal cancer prevention (National Polyp Study)
swog-ecog-chop-vs-third-generation-1993	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	1993	Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic	3	899	Alive without disease at 3 years: 46% vs 41% at 36 moMilestone: CHOP vs three intensive regimens in advanced lymphoma (1993)
calgb-8525	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	1994	Chemotherapy	Any setting	3	1,088	DFS: HR 0.67 (95% CI 0.53–0.86)Milestone: High-dose cytarabine consolidation: CALGB randomised trial, 1994
french-cml-ifn-arac-1997	Chronic myeloid leukemia	1994	Immunotherapy	Any setting	3	—	OS: 85.7% vs 79.1% at 36 moMilestone: Randomized trials of interferon alfa in CML, 1994 to 1997
german-cml-ifn-vs-bu-hu-1994	Chronic myeloid leukemia	1994	Immunotherapy	Any setting	3	513	OS: median 5.5 vs 3.8 yearsMilestone: Randomized trials of interferon alfa in CML, 1994 to 1997
icsg-ifn-vs-chemo-1994	Chronic myeloid leukemia	1994	Immunotherapy	Any setting	3	322	OS: median 72 vs 52 monthsMilestone: Randomized trials of interferon alfa in CML, 1994 to 1997
ecog-1995-bleomycin-omission	Testicular germ cell tumors	1995	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	—	178	Disease-free status after treatment: 88% vs 94%Milestone: Is bleomycin needed? EP versus BEP in good-prognosis disease
eortc-1997-bleomycin-omission	Testicular germ cell tumors	1995	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	—	419	Complete response rate: 87% vs 95%Milestone: Is bleomycin needed? EP versus BEP in good-prognosis disease
GETUG T93BP	Testicular germ cell tumors	1995	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	—	257	EFS: 86% vs 91% at 48 moMilestone: Is bleomycin needed? EP versus BEP in good-prognosis disease
NSCLC Collaborative Group meta-analysis⚑ needs review	Lung cancer	1995	Chemotherapy	Any setting	meta-analysis	9,387	OS: HR 0.87Milestone: NSCLC chemotherapy meta-analysis of 52 trials (BMJ 1995)
PARMA	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	1995	Cell therapy & transplant, Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	—	109	EFS: 46% vs 12% at 60 moMilestone: PARMA: autologous transplant vs salvage chemotherapy in relapse (1995)
AUO AH 01/94	Testicular germ cell tumors	1996	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	382	RFS: 99.46% vs 91.87% at 24 mo, HR 7.937 (95% CI 1.808–34.480)Milestone: Adjuvant BEP for high-risk stage I non-seminoma
ECOG E1684	Melanoma	1996	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	—	287	RFS: median 1.7 vs 1 yearsMilestone: Adjuvant interferon: E1684 (1996) to pegylated interferon (2011)
EORTC 18991	Melanoma	1996	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	1,256	RFS: 45.6% vs 38.9% at 48 mo, HR 0.82 (95% CI 0.71–0.96)Milestone: Adjuvant interferon: E1684 (1996) to pegylated interferon (2011)
gemcitabine-vs-fluorouracil-burris	Pancreatic cancer	1996	Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic	—	126	Clinical benefit response: 23.8% vs 4.8%Milestone: Gemcitabine versus fluorouracil in advanced pancreatic cancer
GOG-111	Ovarian cancer	1996	Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic	3	410	PFS: median 18 vs 13 monthsMilestone: Paclitaxel with platinum in first line: GOG-111, OV-10, ICON3
ICON3	Ovarian cancer	1996	Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic	—	2,074	OS: median 36.1 vs 35.4 months, HR 0.98 (95% CI 0.87–1.10)Milestone: Paclitaxel with platinum in first line: GOG-111, OV-10, ICON3
IFM 90	Multiple myeloma	1996	Cell therapy & transplant, Chemotherapy	Any setting	—	200	ORR: 81% vs 57%Milestone: Autologous transplantation trials: IFM 90, MRC VII, IFM 94
IFM 94	Multiple myeloma	1996	Cell therapy & transplant, Chemotherapy	Any setting	—	399	CR or VGPR rate: 50% vs 42%Milestone: Autologous transplantation trials: IFM 90, MRC VII, IFM 94
MRC Myeloma VII	Multiple myeloma	1996	Cell therapy & transplant, Chemotherapy	Any setting	—	407	CR rate: 44% vs 8%Milestone: Autologous transplantation trials: IFM 90, MRC VII, IFM 94
mrc-adjuvant-bep-high-risk-stage-i-nsgct	Testicular germ cell tumors	1996	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	observational	114	No results recordedMilestone: Adjuvant BEP for high-risk stage I non-seminoma
OV-10	Ovarian cancer	1996	Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic	3	680	PFS: median 15.5 vs 11.5 monthsMilestone: Paclitaxel with platinum in first line: GOG-111, OV-10, ICON3
SWENOTECA CS1 NSGCT	Testicular germ cell tumors	1996	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	observational	745	Relapse rate: 3.2% vs 41.7%Milestone: Adjuvant BEP for high-risk stage I non-seminoma
dfci-95-096	Prostate cancer	1997	Radiation, Endocrine	Locally advanced, Localised	3	206	All-cause mortality: HR 1.8 (95% CI 1.1–2.9)Milestone: Radiotherapy plus androgen suppression (EORTC 22863)
EORTC 22863	Prostate cancer	1997	Radiation, Endocrine	Locally advanced, Localised	3	415	OS: 79% vs 62% at 60 moMilestone: Radiotherapy plus androgen suppression (EORTC 22863)
ide-c2b8-pivotal-relapsed-indolent	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	1997	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	—	166	ORR: see trialMilestone: Rituximab for relapsed indolent lymphoma: FDA approval and JCO report
igcccg-1997	Testicular germ cell tumors	1997	Understanding, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	observational	—	OS: 79% vs 91% at 60 moMilestone: IGCCCG prognostic classification of metastatic germ-cell cancer
mrc-eortc-1997-bep-vs-ceb	Testicular germ cell tumors	1997	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	—	598	Complete response rate: 87.3% vs 94.4%Milestone: Carboplatin in place of cisplatin was inferior at trial doses
shen-ato-relapsed-apl-1997	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	1997	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	—	15	Complete remission rate: see trialMilestone: Arsenic trioxide induces remission in relapsed APL
swedish-rectal-cancer-trial⚑ needs review	Colorectal cancer	1997	Radiation, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	—	1,168	Local recurrence: 11% vs 27%Milestone: Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial: short-course preoperative radiotherapy
us-multicenter-ato-relapsed-apl	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	1997	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	—	40	Complete remission rate: see trialMilestone: Arsenic trioxide induces remission in relapsed APL
augmented-post-induction-slow-responders	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	1998	Chemotherapy	Any setting	—	311	EFS: 75% vs 55% at 60 moMilestone: Augmented post-induction therapy for slow early responders
CALGB 8461	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	1998	Understanding	Any setting	observational	1,213	Complete remission rate: 88% vs 67%Milestone: Diagnostic cytogenetics defines AML prognostic groups
gleeson-2024-tip-long-term	Testicular germ cell tumors	1998	Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	observational	104	PFS: see trialMilestone: Ifosfamide-based salvage: VeIP, then TIP
kondagunta-2005-tip	Testicular germ cell tumors	1998	Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	—	46	Complete response rate: see trialMilestone: Ifosfamide-based salvage: VeIP, then TIP
loehrer-1998-veip	Testicular germ cell tumors	1998	Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	—	135	Disease-free status after treatment: see trialMilestone: Ifosfamide-based salvage: VeIP, then TIP
slamon-2001-trastuzumab-mbc	Breast cancer	1998	Targeted	Metastatic	—	469	TTP: median 7.4 vs 4.6 monthsMilestone: Trastuzumab approved for HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer
abc-meta-analysis-neoadjuvant⚑ needs review	Bladder cancer	1999	Chemotherapy, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	meta-analysis	2,688	OS: 50% vs 45% at 60 mo, HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.78–0.98)Milestone: Neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy before cystectomy
BA06 30894⚑ needs review	Bladder cancer	1999	Chemotherapy, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	3	976	OS: median 44 vs 37.5 monthsMilestone: Neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy before cystectomy
CCG-3891	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	1999	Cell therapy & transplant, Chemotherapy, Radiation, Targeted	Any setting	—	379	EFS: 34% vs 22% at 36 moMilestone: Transplant and isotretinoin in high-risk neuroblastoma (CCG-3891)
CONVERT	Lung cancer	1999	Radiation, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	3	547	OS: median 25 vs 30 months, HR 1.18 (95% CI 0.95–1.45)Milestone: Limited-stage SCLC: twice-daily thoracic radiotherapy (Turrisi 1999)
EORTC 22993-08993	Lung cancer	1999	Radiation	Maintenance	3	—	Time to symptomatic brain metastases: HR 0.27 (95% CI 0.16–0.44)Milestone: Prophylactic cranial irradiation in SCLC (1999 and 2007)
GOG 120	Cervical cancer	1999	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced	—	526	No results recordedMilestone: Concurrent cisplatin-based chemoradiation: the 1999 trials
GOG 123	Cervical cancer	1999	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced	—	—	No results recordedMilestone: Concurrent cisplatin-based chemoradiation: the 1999 trials
GOG 85	Cervical cancer	1999	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced	—	388	No results recordedMilestone: Concurrent cisplatin-based chemoradiation: the 1999 trials
GOG-81	Endometrial cancer	1999	Endocrine, Targeted	Metastatic	—	299	ORR: 15% vs 25%Milestone: Hormonal therapy: progestins to letrozole combinations
grossman-neoadjuvant-mvac⚑ needs review	Bladder cancer	1999	Chemotherapy, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	—	317	OS: median 77 vs 46 monthsMilestone: Neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy before cystectomy
IFM 99-06	Multiple myeloma	1999	Targeted, Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	—	447	OS: median 51.6 vs 33.2 months, HR 0.59 (95% CI 0.46–0.81)Milestone: Thalidomide shows activity in refractory myeloma
MRC TE10	Testicular germ cell tumors	1999	Radiation	Adjuvant	—	478	RFR: 96% vs 96.6% at 36 moMilestone: Smaller radiotherapy fields and lower doses for stage I seminoma
MRC TE18 / EORTC 30942⚑ needs review	Testicular germ cell tumors	1999	Radiation	Adjuvant	—	625	Relapse rate: HR 1.11Milestone: Smaller radiotherapy fields and lower doses for stage I seminoma
NCIC cervix trial	Cervical cancer	1999	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced	3	259	OS: 69% vs 66% at 36 moMilestone: Concurrent cisplatin-based chemoradiation: the 1999 trials
PALEO	Endometrial cancer	1999	Endocrine, Targeted	Metastatic	2	77	PFS: HR 0.57 (95% CI 0.32–0.99)Milestone: Hormonal therapy: progestins to letrozole combinations
pci-overview-1999	Lung cancer	1999	Radiation	Maintenance	meta-analysis	987	OS: 20.7% vs 15.3% at 36 moMilestone: Prophylactic cranial irradiation in SCLC (1999 and 2007)
RTOG 90-01	Cervical cancer	1999	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced	—	403	OS: 73% vs 58% at 60 moMilestone: Concurrent cisplatin-based chemoradiation: the 1999 trials
singhal-thalidomide-1999	Multiple myeloma	1999	Targeted, Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	—	84	ORR: see trialMilestone: Thalidomide shows activity in refractory myeloma
slomovitz-everolimus-letrozole	Endometrial cancer	1999	Endocrine, Targeted	Metastatic	2	38	CBR: see trialMilestone: Hormonal therapy: progestins to letrozole combinations
thalidomide-dexamethasone-vs-placebo-dexamethasone	Multiple myeloma	1999	Targeted, Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	—	470	ORR: 63% vs 46%Milestone: Thalidomide shows activity in refractory myeloma
turrisi-1999-twice-daily-rt⚑ needs review	Lung cancer	1999	Radiation, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	—	417	OS: median 23 vs 19 monthsMilestone: Limited-stage SCLC: twice-daily thoracic radiotherapy (Turrisi 1999)
Bezwoda high-risk primary HDC study (reviewed on site)	Breast cancer	2000	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Metastatic, Adjuvant	—	—	Results not shown (integrity flag)Milestone: High-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue: a reversal
Bezwoda metastatic HDC study (retracted)	Breast cancer	2000	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Metastatic, Adjuvant	—	90	Results not shown (integrity flag)Milestone: High-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue: a reversal
degramont-lv5fu2-oxaliplatin	Colorectal cancer	2000	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	420	PFS: median 9 vs 6.2 monthsMilestone: Oxaliplatin added to infusional fluorouracil in advanced CRC
douillard-irinotecan-5fu-lv	Colorectal cancer	2000	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	—	387	ORR: 35% vs 22%Milestone: Irinotecan with fluorouracil as first-line therapy for metastatic CRC
gc-vs-mvac-urothelial	Bladder cancer	2000	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	405	OS: HR 1.04 (95% CI 0.82–1.32)Milestone: Gemcitabine-cisplatin compared with MVAC in advanced bladder cancer
giacchetti-oxaliplatin-chronomodulated	Colorectal cancer	2000	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	200	ORR: see trialMilestone: Oxaliplatin added to infusional fluorouracil in advanced CRC
irinotecan-study-group-ifl	Colorectal cancer	2000	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	—	683	OS: median 14.8 vs 12.6 monthsMilestone: Irinotecan with fluorouracil as first-line therapy for metastatic CRC
JCOG0607	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2000	Surgery	Localised	—	470	OS: see trialMilestone: Endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer: Gotoda 2000 to JCOG0607
MACH-NC	Head and neck cancer	2000	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced, Adjuvant	meta-analysis	—	OS: HR 0.90 (95% CI 0.85–0.94)Milestone: MACH-NC: chemotherapy added to locoregional treatment (2000)
Netherlands high-risk adjuvant HDC trial	Breast cancer	2000	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Metastatic, Adjuvant	3	885	RFS: 65% vs 59% at 60 mo, HR 0.83 (95% CI 0.66–1.03)Milestone: High-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue: a reversal
Philadelphia BMT Group	Breast cancer	2000	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Metastatic, Adjuvant	3	199	OS: 32% vs 38% at 36 moMilestone: High-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue: a reversal
ARTIST	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2001	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Adjuvant	3	458	DFS: HR 0.6865 (95% CI 0.4735–0.9952)Milestone: INT-0116 adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, then ARTIST and CRITICS
CAM307	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2001	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory, Metastatic	3	297	PFS: HR 0.58Milestone: Alemtuzumab: accelerated approval, then CAM307 against chlorambucil
campath-cll-fludarabine-failure	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2001	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory, Metastatic	2	93	ORR: see trialMilestone: Alemtuzumab: accelerated approval, then CAM307 against chlorambucil
CRITICS	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2001	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Adjuvant	3	788	OS: median 37 vs 43 months, HR 1.01 (95% CI 0.84–1.22)Milestone: INT-0116 adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, then ARTIST and CRITICS
dutch-tme-trial	Colorectal cancer	2001	Radiation, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	—	1,861	OS: 82% vs 81.8% at 24 moMilestone: Dutch TME trial: preoperative radiotherapy plus standardised TME
ESPAC-1	Pancreatic cancer	2001	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Adjuvant	—	541	OS: median 19.7 vs 14 months, HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.52–0.83)Milestone: ESPAC-1: adjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy compared
imatinib-gist-phase2-400-vs-600	Sarcoma and GIST	2001	Targeted	Metastatic	2	147	ORR: see trialMilestone: Imatinib in GIST: case report, phase 2 and FDA approval
imatinib-late-chronic-phase-phase2⚑ needs review	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2001	Targeted	Any setting, Relapsed / refractory	2	532	MCyR: see trialMilestone: STI571/imatinib: first clinical results and FDA approval
INT-0116	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2001	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Adjuvant	3	556	OS: median 36 vs 27 months, HR 1.35 (95% CI 1.09–1.66)Milestone: INT-0116 adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, then ARTIST and CRITICS
nephrectomy-ifn-eortc-mickisch-2001	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2001	Surgery, Immunotherapy	Metastatic	—	85	TTP: median 5 vs 3 months, HR 0.60 (95% CI 0.36–0.97)Milestone: Nephrectomy before interferon alfa: two randomised trials (2001)
nephrectomy-ifn-flanigan-2001	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2001	Surgery, Immunotherapy	Metastatic	—	—	OS: median 11.1 vs 8.1 monthsMilestone: Nephrectomy before interferon alfa: two randomised trials (2001)
SEMPET	Testicular germ cell tumors	2001	Understanding	Metastatic	observational	51	Specificity: see trialMilestone: FDG-PET to predict viable tumour in residual seminoma masses
sti571-phase1-blast-crisis	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2001	Targeted	Any setting, Relapsed / refractory	—	58	Hematologic response: see trialMilestone: STI571/imatinib: first clinical results and FDA approval
sti571-phase1-chronic-phase	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2001	Targeted	Any setting, Relapsed / refractory	1	83	MCyR: see trialMilestone: STI571/imatinib: first clinical results and FDA approval
ATAC	Breast cancer	2002	Endocrine	Adjuvant	—	9,366	DFS: 89.4% vs 87.4% at 36 mo, HR 0.83 (95% CI 0.71–0.96)Milestone: Aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen (ATAC, BIG 1-98)
BIG 1-98	Breast cancer	2002	Endocrine	Adjuvant	3	8,010	DFS: 84% vs 81.4% at 60 mo, HR 0.81 (95% CI 0.70–0.93)Milestone: Aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen (ATAC, BIG 1-98)
bristow-2002-cytoreduction-meta-analysis	Ovarian cancer	2002	Surgery	Locally advanced	meta-analysis	6,885	OS: median 33.9 vs 22.7 monthsMilestone: Cytoreduction and residual disease: maximal surgery linked to survival
EBCTCG	Breast cancer	2002	Endocrine	Adjuvant	meta-analysis	31,920	Breast cancer mortality: 12.1% vs 14.2%, HR 0.85 (95% CI 0.75–0.96)Milestone: Aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen (ATAC, BIG 1-98)
IRIS⚑ needs review	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2002	Targeted	Any setting	3	1,106	MCyR: 87.1% vs 34.7% at 18 moMilestone: IRIS: imatinib versus interferon plus cytarabine, first line
llovet-2002-tace-rct	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2002	Surgery, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	—	112	OS: 75% vs 63% at 12 mo, HR 0.47 (95% CI 0.25–0.91)Milestone: Two randomised trials of chemoembolisation for unresectable HCC
LNH-98.5	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2002	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic	—	399	CR rate: 76% vs 63%Milestone: R-CHOP vs CHOP in older DLBCL: GELA LNH98-5 (2002)
lo-2002-tace-rct	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2002	Surgery, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	—	80	OS: 57% vs 32% at 12 moMilestone: Two randomised trials of chemoembolisation for unresectable HCC
PIVOT	Prostate cancer	2002	Surgery	Localised	3	731	All-cause mortality: 47% vs 49.9%, HR 0.88 (95% CI 0.71–1.08)Milestone: Prostatectomy vs watchful waiting or observation (SPCG-4, PIVOT)
SPCG-4	Prostate cancer	2002	Surgery	Localised	—	695	Prostate cancer mortality: 4.6% vs 8.9%, HR 0.50 (95% CI 0.27–0.91)Milestone: Prostatectomy vs watchful waiting or observation (SPCG-4, PIVOT)
SWENOTECA CS1 seminoma	Testicular germ cell tumors	2002	Understanding, Surgery	Localised, Adjuvant	observational	897	Relapse rate: HR 1.9Milestone: Surveillance and risk-adapted management of stage I seminoma
warde-2002-pooled-surveillance⚑ needs review	Testicular germ cell tumors	2002	Understanding, Surgery	Localised, Adjuvant	observational	638	RFR: see trialMilestone: Surveillance and risk-adapted management of stage I seminoma
ACOSOG Z0011	Breast cancer	2003	Surgery, Understanding	Localised	3	891	OS: 92.5% vs 91.8% at 60 mo, HR 0.79Milestone: Sentinel-node biopsy and less axillary surgery (B-32, Z0011)
AGO-OVAR-3	Ovarian cancer	2003	Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	3	798	PFS: 37.5% vs 40% at 24 moMilestone: Carboplatin versus cisplatin with paclitaxel: GOG-158, AGO-OVAR-3
APEX	Multiple myeloma	2003	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	669	TTP: median 6.22 vs 3.49 months, HR 0.55Milestone: Bortezomib in relapsed myeloma: SUMMIT phase 2 to APEX
ardeshna-rituximab-vs-watch-wait-fl	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2003	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Any setting	3	—	Time to new treatment: 88% vs 46% at 36 mo, HR 0.21 (95% CI 0.14–0.31)Milestone: Watch and wait vs immediate chlorambucil, low-grade lymphoma
fung-2015-cvd-mortality⚑ needs review	Testicular germ cell tumors	2003	Supportive care, Chemotherapy, Radiation	Any setting	observational	15,006	Cardiovascular disease mortality: HR 4.86 (95% CI 1.25–32.08)Milestone: Cardiovascular disease as a late effect of testicular cancer treatment
GOG-158	Ovarian cancer	2003	Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	3	792	PFS: median 20.7 vs 19.4 monthsMilestone: Carboplatin versus cisplatin with paclitaxel: GOG-158, AGO-OVAR-3
haugnes-2010-cvd	Testicular germ cell tumors	2003	Supportive care, Chemotherapy, Radiation	Any setting	observational	990	Atherosclerotic disease after treatment: HR 2.30 (95% CI 1.04–5.30)Milestone: Cardiovascular disease as a late effect of testicular cancer treatment
HD9	Hodgkin lymphoma	2003	Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic	—	1,201	FFTF: 76% vs 69% at 60 moMilestone: BEACOPP (GHSG HD9) versus COPP-ABVD in advanced disease
INT-0091	Sarcoma and GIST	2003	Chemotherapy	Localised, Metastatic	—	518	EFS: 69% vs 54% at 60 moMilestone: INT-0091: adding ifosfamide and etoposide in Ewing sarcoma
IRIS molecular substudy	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2003	Understanding	Any setting	3	1,106	MMR: 57% vs 24%Milestone: BCR-ABL1 transcript monitoring and the international scale
NSABP B-32	Breast cancer	2003	Surgery, Understanding	Localised	3	5,611	OS: 90.3% vs 91.8% at 96 mo, HR 1.20 (95% CI 0.96–1.50)Milestone: Sentinel-node biopsy and less axillary surgery (B-32, Z0011)
qidong-afp-screening-trial	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2003	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	5,581	Stage I share of liver cancers at diagnosis: 29.6% vs 6%Milestone: Two Chinese randomised surveillance trials, two answers
RTOG 91-11	Head and neck cancer	2003	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced	3	547	Larynx preservation: 88% vs 75% at 24 moMilestone: RTOG 91-11: concurrent cisplatin for larynx preservation
shanghai-afp-ultrasound-screening-trial	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2003	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	18,816	Resection among HCC cases: 46.5% vs 7.5%Milestone: Two Chinese randomised surveillance trials, two answers
SUMMIT	Multiple myeloma	2003	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	202	ORR: see trialMilestone: Bortezomib in relapsed myeloma: SUMMIT phase 2 to APEX
uk-watch-wait-vs-chlorambucil-lowgrade	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2003	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Any setting	—	309	OS: median 6.7 vs 5.9 yearsMilestone: Watch and wait vs immediate chlorambucil, low-grade lymphoma
van-den-belt-dusebout-2006-cvd⚑ needs review	Testicular germ cell tumors	2003	Supportive care, Chemotherapy, Radiation	Any setting	observational	2,512	Myocardial infarction after treatment: HR 1.2 (95% CI 0.7–2.1)Milestone: Cardiovascular disease as a late effect of testicular cancer treatment
veronesi-sentinel-node-trial	Breast cancer	2003	Surgery, Understanding	Localised	—	516	No results recordedMilestone: Sentinel-node biopsy and less axillary surgery (B-32, Z0011)
amgen-20020408	Colorectal cancer	2004	Targeted	Metastatic	3	463	PFS: HR 0.54 (95% CI 0.44–0.66)Milestone: Cetuximab and panitumumab: anti-EGFR antibodies in refractory CRC
ANITA	Lung cancer	2004	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	—	840	OS: median 65.7 vs 43.7 months, HR 0.80 (95% CI 0.66–0.96)Milestone: Adjuvant cisplatin after resection: IALT, JBR.10 and LACE
BOND	Colorectal cancer	2004	Targeted	Metastatic	—	329	ORR: 22.9% vs 10.8%Milestone: Cetuximab and panitumumab: anti-EGFR antibodies in refractory CRC
CAO/ARO/AIO-94	Colorectal cancer	2004	Radiation, Chemotherapy	Neoadjuvant, Locally advanced	3	823	OS: 76% vs 74% at 60 moMilestone: CAO/ARO/AIO-94: preoperative vs postoperative chemoradiotherapy
choi-2018-metachronous-hp	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2004	Detection & prevention	Prevention	—	470	Metachronous gastric cancer: 7.2% vs 13.4%, HR 0.50 (95% CI 0.26–0.94)Milestone: H. pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer: trials 2004-2024
choi-2020-family-history-hp	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2004	Detection & prevention	Prevention	—	1,838	Gastric cancer incidence: 1.2% vs 2.7%, HR 0.45 (95% CI 0.21–0.94)Milestone: H. pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer: trials 2004-2024
CO.17	Colorectal cancer	2004	Targeted	Metastatic	3	572	OS: median 6.1 vs 4.6 months, HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.64–0.92)Milestone: Cetuximab and panitumumab: anti-EGFR antibodies in refractory CRC
CRYSTAL	Colorectal cancer	2004	Targeted	Metastatic	3	—	PFS: HR 0.85 (95% CI 0.72–0.99)Milestone: Cetuximab and panitumumab: anti-EGFR antibodies in refractory CRC
EORTC 22931	Head and neck cancer	2004	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Adjuvant	3	334	PFS: 47% vs 36% at 60 mo, HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.56–0.99)Milestone: Adding cisplatin to postoperative radiotherapy for high-risk disease
eortc-62005-gist	Sarcoma and GIST	2004	Targeted	Metastatic	3	946	PFS: HR 0.82 (95% CI 0.69–0.98)Milestone: Imatinib 400 mg vs 800 mg daily in advanced GIST
GOG-107	Endometrial cancer	2004	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	299	ORR: 42% vs 25%Milestone: Chemotherapy for advanced disease: GOG-107, -177 and -209
GOG-169	Cervical cancer	2004	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	280	OS: median 9.7 vs 8.8 monthsMilestone: Cisplatin-paclitaxel and other platinum doublets for advanced disease
GOG-177	Endometrial cancer	2004	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	273	ORR: 57% vs 34%Milestone: Chemotherapy for advanced disease: GOG-107, -177 and -209
GOG-179⚑ needs review	Cervical cancer	2004	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	294	OS: median 9.4 vs 6.5 monthsMilestone: Cisplatin-paclitaxel and other platinum doublets for advanced disease
GOG-204	Cervical cancer	2004	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	513	OS: HR 1.15 (95% CI 0.79–1.67)Milestone: Cisplatin-paclitaxel and other platinum doublets for advanced disease
GOG-209	Endometrial cancer	2004	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	1,381	OS: median 37 vs 41 months, HR 1.002Milestone: Chemotherapy for advanced disease: GOG-107, -177 and -209
habr-gama-stage-0-series	Colorectal cancer	2004	Surgery, Radiation	Neoadjuvant, Locally advanced	observational	265	Clinical complete response: see trialMilestone: Watch-and-wait after chemoradiotherapy for complete clinical response
hurwitz-ifl-bevacizumab	Colorectal cancer	2004	Targeted	Metastatic	—	813	OS: median 20.3 vs 15.6 months, HR 0.66Milestone: Bevacizumab added to first-line irinotecan-based chemotherapy
IALT	Lung cancer	2004	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	—	1,867	OS: 44.5% vs 40.4% at 60 mo, HR 0.86 (95% CI 0.76–0.98)Milestone: Adjuvant cisplatin after resection: IALT, JBR.10 and LACE
IWWD	Colorectal cancer	2004	Surgery, Radiation	Neoadjuvant, Locally advanced	observational	880	Cumulative incidence of local regrowth: see trialMilestone: Watch-and-wait after chemoradiotherapy for complete clinical response
japan-gast-metachronous-hp	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2004	Detection & prevention	Prevention	—	544	Metachronous gastric cancer: HR 0.339 (95% CI 0.157–0.729)Milestone: H. pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer: trials 2004-2024
JBR.10	Lung cancer	2004	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	482	OS: median 94 vs 73 months, HR 0.69Milestone: Adjuvant cisplatin after resection: IALT, JBR.10 and LACE
JCOG0505	Cervical cancer	2004	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	253	OS: median 17.5 vs 18.3 months, HR 0.994Milestone: Cisplatin-paclitaxel and other platinum doublets for advanced disease
LACE⚑ needs review	Lung cancer	2004	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	meta-analysis	4,584	OS: HR 0.89 (95% CI 0.82–0.96)Milestone: Adjuvant cisplatin after resection: IALT, JBR.10 and LACE
lamivudine-hbv-advanced-liver-disease	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2004	Detection & prevention	Prevention	—	651	Disease progression in chronic hepatitis B: 7.8% vs 17.7%, HR 0.45Milestone: Lamivudine in advanced hepatitis B: fewer HCC, a borderline finding
linqu-hp-cluster	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2004	Detection & prevention	Prevention	—	180,284	Gastric cancer incidence: HR 0.86 (95% CI 0.74–0.99)Milestone: H. pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer: trials 2004-2024
metagist-imatinib-dose	Sarcoma and GIST	2004	Targeted	Metastatic	meta-analysis	1,640	PFS: HR 0.89 (95% CI 0.79–1.00)Milestone: Imatinib 400 mg vs 800 mg daily in advanced GIST
MOSAIC	Colorectal cancer	2004	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	2,246	DFS: 78.2% vs 72.9% at 36 mo, HR 0.77Milestone: MOSAIC: oxaliplatin added to adjuvant fluorouracil for colon cancer
NSABP C-07	Colorectal cancer	2004	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	2,492	DFS: 76.1% vs 71.8% at 36 mo, HR 0.80 (95% CI 0.69–0.93)Milestone: MOSAIC: oxaliplatin added to adjuvant fluorouracil for colon cancer
RTOG 9501	Head and neck cancer	2004	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Adjuvant	3	459	Locoregional control: 82% vs 72% at 24 mo, HR 0.61 (95% CI 0.41–0.91)Milestone: Adding cisplatin to postoperative radiotherapy for high-risk disease
s0033-gist	Sarcoma and GIST	2004	Targeted	Metastatic	3	746	PFS: median 20 vs 18 monthsMilestone: Imatinib 400 mg vs 800 mg daily in advanced GIST
SWOG 9916	Prostate cancer	2004	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	770	OS: median 17.5 vs 15.6 months, HR 0.80 (95% CI 0.67–0.97)Milestone: Docetaxel for castration-resistant disease (TAX 327, SWOG 9916)
TAX 327	Prostate cancer	2004	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	1,006	OS: median 18.9 vs 16.5 months, HR 0.76 (95% CI 0.62–0.94)Milestone: Docetaxel for castration-resistant disease (TAX 327, SWOG 9916)
wong-2004-fujian-hp	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2004	Detection & prevention	Prevention	—	1,630	No results recordedMilestone: H. pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer: trials 2004-2024
AALL0434	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2005	Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory, Any setting	3	1,562	DFS: 88.2% vs 82.1% at 60 moMilestone: Nelarabine for T-cell ALL
b31-n9831-joint	Breast cancer	2005	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	—	DFS: HR 0.48Milestone: Adding trastuzumab to adjuvant chemotherapy (HERA, B-31/N9831)
eortc-26981-22981	Glioblastoma	2005	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Adjuvant, Maintenance	3	573	OS: median 14.6 vs 12.1 months, HR 0.63 (95% CI 0.52–0.75)Milestone: Temozolomide added to radiotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma
GOG-122	Endometrial cancer	2005	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Adjuvant	3	422	PFS: 50% vs 38% at 60 mo, HR 0.71 (95% CI 0.55–0.91)Milestone: GOG-122: doxorubicin-cisplatin versus whole-abdominal irradiation
HERA	Breast cancer	2005	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	—	DFS: HR 0.54 (95% CI 0.43–0.67)Milestone: Adding trastuzumab to adjuvant chemotherapy (HERA, B-31/N9831)
INT-0133	Sarcoma and GIST	2005	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	—	677	EFS: 68% vs 71% at 36 moMilestone: INT-0133: mifamurtide added to chemotherapy; EU authorisation
ISEL	Lung cancer	2005	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	1,692	OS: median 5.6 vs 5.1 months, HR 0.89 (95% CI 0.77–1.02)Milestone: Gefitinib: accelerated approval, restriction and EGFR-mutation return
MRC TE19 / EORTC 30982	Testicular germ cell tumors	2005	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Adjuvant	3	1,477	RFR: 97.7% vs 96.7% at 24 mo, HR 1.28Milestone: TE19: single-dose carboplatin vs radiotherapy, stage I seminoma
ncctg-n9831	Breast cancer	2005	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	—	No results recordedMilestone: Adding trastuzumab to adjuvant chemotherapy (HERA, B-31/N9831)
nelarabine-cog-phase2	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2005	Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory, Any setting	2	121	CR+PR rate: see trialMilestone: Nelarabine for T-cell ALL
nsabp-b31	Breast cancer	2005	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	—	No results recordedMilestone: Adding trastuzumab to adjuvant chemotherapy (HERA, B-31/N9831)
TARGET	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2005	Targeted	Metastatic	3	903	PFS: median 5.5 vs 2.8 months, HR 0.44 (95% CI 0.35–0.55)Milestone: Sorafenib in previously treated RCC: TARGET and FDA approval
travis-2005-second-cancers	Testicular germ cell tumors	2005	Supportive care, Radiation, Chemotherapy	Any setting	observational	40,576	Cumulative second solid cancer risk: 36% vs 23% at 480 moMilestone: Second cancers among 40,576 testicular cancer patients
ala-glioma-5-ala-fluorescence-guided-resection	Glioblastoma	2006	Surgery	Localised	3	322	Complete resection of contrast-enhancing tumour: 65% vs 36%Milestone: 5-ALA fluorescence-guided surgery increases complete resection
bonner-radiotherapy-cetuximab-hn	Head and neck cancer	2006	Targeted, Radiation	Locally advanced	3	—	Locoregional control: median 24.4 vs 14.9 months, HR 0.68Milestone: Cetuximab with radiotherapy improves locoregional control and survival
chen-2006-plat-resection⚑ needs review	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2006	Surgery	Localised	—	180	OS: 95.8% vs 93.3% at 12 moMilestone: Resection versus ablation for small HCC: conflicting trials
dasatinib-phase1-2006	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2006	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	1	—	MCyR: see trialMilestone: Dasatinib and nilotinib for imatinib resistance or intolerance
FUTURE II	Cross-cancer	2006	Detection & prevention	Any setting	3	12,167	No results recordedMilestone: First US-licensed HPV vaccine; later data show fewer cervical cancers
GOG-172	Ovarian cancer	2006	Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	3	429	PFS: median 23.8 vs 18.3 monthsMilestone: Intraperitoneal chemotherapy in optimal stage III: GOG-172
huang-2010-rfa-resection⚑ needs review	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2006	Surgery	Localised	—	230	OS: 86.96% vs 98.26% at 12 moMilestone: Resection versus ablation for small HCC: conflicting trials
lenalidomide-high-vs-low-dose-dexamethasone-ecog	Multiple myeloma	2006	Targeted, Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	—	445	ORR: 68% vs 79%Milestone: Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in relapsed myeloma: MM-009, MM-010
MAGIC	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2006	Chemotherapy, Surgery	Perioperative	3	—	OS: 36% vs 23% at 60 mo, HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.60–0.93)Milestone: MAGIC: perioperative ECF for resectable gastro-oesophageal cancer
MInT	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2006	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	—	824	EFS: 79% vs 59% at 36 moMilestone: MInT: rituximab with CHOP-like therapy, young low-risk DLBCL (2006)
MM-009	Multiple myeloma	2006	Targeted, Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	353	TTP: median 11.1 vs 4.7 monthsMilestone: Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in relapsed myeloma: MM-009, MM-010
MM-010	Multiple myeloma	2006	Targeted, Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	351	OS: HR 0.66Milestone: Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in relapsed myeloma: MM-009, MM-010
nilotinib-phase1-2006	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2006	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	1	119	No results recordedMilestone: Dasatinib and nilotinib for imatinib resistance or intolerance
REVEAL-HBV	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2006	Understanding	Prevention	observational	3,653	Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma: 14.9% vs 1.3%Milestone: REVEAL-HBV: HCC risk rises with serum hepatitis B virus DNA level
sunitinib-gist-a6181004	Sarcoma and GIST	2006	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	312	TTP: HR 0.33Milestone: Sunitinib after imatinib failure in GIST
sunitinib-vs-interferon-rcc	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2006	Targeted	Metastatic	3	750	PFS: median 11 vs 5 months, HR 0.42 (95% CI 0.32–0.54)Milestone: Sunitinib versus interferon alfa as first-line therapy (2006-2007)
SURF⚑ needs review	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2006	Surgery	Localised	—	302	RFS: median 3.5 vs 3 years, HR 0.92 (95% CI 0.67–1.25)Milestone: Resection versus ablation for small HCC: conflicting trials
sylvester-2004-immediate-instillation-meta-analysis	Bladder cancer	2006	Understanding	Localised	meta-analysis	1,476	Recurrence after resection: 36.7% vs 48.4%Milestone: EORTC risk tables for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer
ACTS-GC	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2007	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	—	OS: 80.1% vs 70.1% at 36 mo, HR 0.68 (95% CI 0.52–0.87)Milestone: Adjuvant S-1 (ACTS-GC) and capecitabine-oxaliplatin (CLASSIC) after D2
ARCC	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2007	Targeted	Metastatic	3	626	OS: median 10.9 vs 7.3 months, HR 0.73 (95% CI 0.58–0.92)Milestone: mTOR inhibitors: temsirolimus (ARCC) and everolimus (RECORD-1)
asia-pacific-sorafenib-hcc	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2007	Targeted	Metastatic	3	226	OS: median 6.5 vs 4.2 months, HR 0.68 (95% CI 0.50–0.93)Milestone: Sorafenib: SHARP and Asia-Pacific trials in advanced HCC
CLASSIC	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2007	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	1,035	DFS: 74% vs 59% at 36 mo, HR 0.56 (95% CI 0.44–0.72)Milestone: Adjuvant S-1 (ACTS-GC) and capecitabine-oxaliplatin (CLASSIC) after D2
CONKO-001	Pancreatic cancer	2007	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	368	DFS: median 13.4 vs 6.9 monthsMilestone: CONKO-001: adjuvant gemcitabine versus observation
einhorn-2007-hdct-indiana-retrospective	Testicular germ cell tumors	2007	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	observational	184	No results recordedMilestone: High-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue for relapsed disease
EORTC 30974⚑ needs review	Testicular germ cell tumors	2007	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Metastatic	3	137	Complete response rate: 44.6% vs 33.3%Milestone: First-line high-dose chemotherapy did not show benefit in trials
Interfant-06	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2007	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Any setting	3	651	EFS: see trialMilestone: Interfant protocols for infants with ALL
Interfant-99	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2007	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Any setting	3	482	EFS: see trialMilestone: Interfant protocols for infants with ALL
IT-94⚑ needs review	Testicular germ cell tumors	2007	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	3	280	EFS: 42% vs 35% at 36 moMilestone: High-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue for relapsed disease
keimeguibert-2007-elderly-radiotherapy-supportive-care	Glioblastoma	2007	Radiation, Supportive care	Adjuvant	3	85	OS: HR 0.47 (95% CI 0.29–0.76)Milestone: Radiotherapy improves survival in older people with glioblastoma
motzer-2007-hdct-first-line	Testicular germ cell tumors	2007	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Metastatic	3	219	Durable complete response rate: 52% vs 48%Milestone: First-line high-dose chemotherapy did not show benefit in trials
RECORD-1	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2007	Targeted	Metastatic	3	—	PFS: median 4 vs 1.9 months, HR 0.30 (95% CI 0.22–0.40)Milestone: mTOR inhibitors: temsirolimus (ARCC) and everolimus (RECORD-1)
SHARP	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2007	Targeted	Metastatic	3	602	OS: median 10.7 vs 7.9 months, HR 0.69 (95% CI 0.55–0.87)Milestone: Sorafenib: SHARP and Asia-Pacific trials in advanced HCC
ANBL00P2⚑ needs review	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2008	Surgery	Localised	—	87	EFS: see trialMilestone: Low-risk neuroblastoma: observation or surgery alone
ASTEC⚑ needs review	Endometrial cancer	2008	Surgery	Localised	3	1,408	OS: HR 1.16 (95% CI 0.87–1.54)Milestone: Systematic lymphadenectomy: no survival benefit shown in two trials
benedetti-panici-lymphadenectomy	Endometrial cancer	2008	Surgery	Localised	—	514	DFS: 81% vs 81.7% at 60 mo, HR 1.10 (95% CI 0.70–1.71)Milestone: Systematic lymphadenectomy: no survival benefit shown in two trials
CCCMAC⚑ needs review	Cervical cancer	2008	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced	meta-analysis	—	OS: HR 0.81Milestone: Chemoradiation individual patient data meta-analysis (2008)
CCLG-ENSG-5	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2008	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Any setting	3	262	EFS: 31% vs 24.2% at 36 mo, HR 0.86 (95% CI 0.66–1.14)Milestone: European trials: rapid induction and busulfan-melphalan consolidation
eortc-62024-gist	Sarcoma and GIST	2008	Targeted, Surgery	Adjuvant	3	908	IFFS: 87% vs 84% at 60 mo, HR 0.79Milestone: Adjuvant imatinib after GIST resection: 1 year, then 3 years
EXTREME	Head and neck cancer	2008	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	442	OS: median 10.1 vs 7.4 months, HR 0.80 (95% CI 0.64–0.99)Milestone: EXTREME: cetuximab added to platinum-fluorouracil, first line
HR-NBL1.5	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2008	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Any setting	—	630	mCR rate: 35% vs 32%Milestone: European trials: rapid induction and busulfan-melphalan consolidation
HR-NBL1/SIOPEN	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2008	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Any setting	3	598	EFS: 50% vs 38% at 36 moMilestone: European trials: rapid induction and busulfan-melphalan consolidation
NB95-S and NB97	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2008	Surgery	Localised	—	340	No results recordedMilestone: Low-risk neuroblastoma: observation or surgery alone
P9641	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2008	Surgery	Localised	3	915	OS: see trialMilestone: Low-risk neuroblastoma: observation or surgery alone
REAL-2	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2008	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	1,002	OS: HR 0.86 (95% CI 0.80–0.99)Milestone: REAL-2: oxaliplatin and capecitabine, advanced oesophagogastric
ssg-xviii-aio	Sarcoma and GIST	2008	Targeted, Surgery	Adjuvant	3	400	RFS: 65.6% vs 47.9% at 60 mo, HR 0.46 (95% CI 0.32–0.65)Milestone: Adjuvant imatinib after GIST resection: 1 year, then 3 years
VISTA	Multiple myeloma	2008	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Any setting	3	682	TTP: median 24 vs 16.6 months, HR 0.48Milestone: VISTA: bortezomib added to melphalan-prednisone, first line
Z9001	Sarcoma and GIST	2008	Targeted, Surgery	Adjuvant	3	—	RFS: 98% vs 83% at 12 mo, HR 0.35 (95% CI 0.22–0.53)Milestone: Adjuvant imatinib after GIST resection: 1 year, then 3 years
AALL0031	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2009	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Any setting	—	92	EFS: 80% vs 35% at 36 moMilestone: Imatinib added to chemotherapy for Ph-positive ALL
aza-001-aml-subgroup	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2009	Chemotherapy	Any setting	3	113	OS: median 24.5 vs 16 months, HR 0.47 (95% CI 0.28–0.79)Milestone: Azacitidine and decitabine in older adults with AML
AZA-AML-001	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2009	Chemotherapy	Any setting	3	488	OS: median 10.4 vs 6.5 months, HR 0.85 (95% CI 0.69–1.03)Milestone: Azacitidine and decitabine in older adults with AML
BRAIN	Glioblastoma	2009	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	167	ORR: see trialMilestone: Bevacizumab approved for progressive glioblastoma on response rate
COMPARZ	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2009	Targeted	Metastatic	3	1,110	PFS: HR 1.05 (95% CI 0.90–1.22)Milestone: Pazopanib approved (2009); COMPARZ compares it with sunitinib
DACO-016	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2009	Chemotherapy	Any setting	3	485	OS: median 7.7 vs 5 months, HR 0.85 (95% CI 0.69–1.04)Milestone: Azacitidine and decitabine in older adults with AML
ERSPC	Prostate cancer	2009	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	182,160	Cumulative incidence of prostate cancer: 8.2% vs 4.8%Milestone: Prostate screening trials: ERSPC, PLCO and Goteborg (2009-2010)
EsPhALL2004	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2009	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Any setting	—	178	DFS: 72.9% vs 61.7% at 48 mo, HR 0.63 (95% CI 0.28–1.41)Milestone: Imatinib added to chemotherapy for Ph-positive ALL
Göteborg-1	Prostate cancer	2009	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	20,000	Cumulative incidence of prostate cancer: 12.7% vs 8.2%, HR 1.64 (95% CI 1.5–1.8)Milestone: Prostate screening trials: ERSPC, PLCO and Goteborg (2009-2010)
IPASS	Lung cancer	2009	Targeted	Metastatic	3	—	PFS: 24.9% vs 6.7% at 12 mo, HR 0.74 (95% CI 0.65–0.85)Milestone: IPASS: gefitinib vs chemotherapy, by EGFR mutation (2009)
klotz-active-surveillance-cohort	Prostate cancer	2009	Surgery, Radiation	Localised	observational	993	OS: see trialMilestone: Active surveillance cohort: selective delayed intervention (Klotz)
LACE	Endometrial cancer	2009	Surgery	Localised	3	760	DFS: 81.6% vs 81.3% at 54 moMilestone: LAP2 and LACE: laparoscopic vs open surgery for uterine cancer
LAP2⚑ needs review	Endometrial cancer	2009	Surgery	Localised	3	2,616	Recurrence-free interval: HR 1.14Milestone: LAP2 and LACE: laparoscopic vs open surgery for uterine cancer
pazopanib-vs-placebo-rcc	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2009	Targeted	Metastatic	3	435	PFS: median 9.2 vs 4.2 months, HR 0.46 (95% CI 0.34–0.62)Milestone: Pazopanib approved (2009); COMPARZ compares it with sunitinib
PLCO	Prostate cancer	2009	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	76,693	Men with any PSA testing during the trial: 99% vs 86%Milestone: Prostate screening trials: ERSPC, PLCO and Goteborg (2009-2010)
Total 16	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2009	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Any setting	3	—	EFS: see trialMilestone: Treating ALL without prophylactic cranial irradiation
Total XV	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2009	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Any setting	3	—	EFS: see trialMilestone: Treating ALL without prophylactic cranial irradiation
A3961	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2010	Chemotherapy, Surgery	Any setting	3	479	OS: see trialMilestone: Intermediate-risk neuroblastoma: reduced chemotherapy (COG A3961)
ALFA-0701	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2010	Antibody–drug conjugate	Any setting	3	280	EFS: 40.8% vs 17.1% at 24 mo, HR 0.58 (95% CI 0.43–0.78)Milestone: Gemtuzumab ozogamicin: approved 2000, withdrawn 2010, back 2017
ALL R3	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2010	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant, Radiation	Relapsed / refractory	—	216	PFS: 64.6% vs 35.9% at 36 moMilestone: Mitoxantrone in first relapse; TBI before transplant in childhood ALL
ANBL0032	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2010	Immunotherapy	Maintenance	3	226	EFS: 66% vs 46% at 24 moMilestone: Anti-GD2 dinutuximab with cytokines after transplant (ANBL0032)
AVANT	Colorectal cancer	2010	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	3,451	DFS: HR 1.17 (95% CI 0.98–1.39)Milestone: Adjuvant bevacizumab and cetuximab trials in colon cancer
ca184-024	Melanoma	2010	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	502	OS: median 11.2 vs 9.1 months, HR 0.72Milestone: Ipilimumab: anti-CTLA-4 survival trials and FDA approval (2010-2011)
CALGB 80303	Pancreatic cancer	2010	Targeted	Locally advanced, Metastatic	3	602	OS: median 5.8 vs 5.9 monthsMilestone: Bevacizumab, cetuximab, PEGPH20 added to chemotherapy: no gain
CARD	Prostate cancer	2010	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	—	255	Imaging-based PFS: median 8 vs 3.7 months, HR 0.54 (95% CI 0.40–0.73)Milestone: Cabazitaxel after docetaxel (TROPIC)
CHORUS	Ovarian cancer	2010	Surgery, Chemotherapy	Neoadjuvant	3	552	OS: median 24.1 vs 22.6 months, HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.72–1.05)Milestone: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy vs primary surgery: EORTC 55971, CHORUS
CLL4	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2010	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	375	CR rate: 24% vs 7%Milestone: CLL8: rituximab added to fludarabine and cyclophosphamide
CLL8	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2010	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	817	PFS: 65% vs 45% at 36 mo, HR 0.56 (95% CI 0.46–0.69)Milestone: CLL8: rituximab added to fludarabine and cyclophosphamide
CORAL	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2010	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	3	396	Response rate: 63.5% vs 62.8%Milestone: CORAL: R-ICE vs R-DHAP before transplant in relapsed DLBCL
DASISION⚑ needs review	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2010	Targeted	Any setting	3	519	CCyR: 77% vs 66%Milestone: DASISION and ENESTnd: second-generation TKIs first line
ENESTnd⚑ needs review	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2010	Targeted	Any setting	3	846	MMR: 44% vs 22%Milestone: DASISION and ENESTnd: second-generation TKIs first line
EORTC 30904	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2010	Surgery	Localised	3	541	OS: 75.7% vs 81.1% at 120 mo, HR 1.50 (95% CI 1.03–2.16)Milestone: EORTC 30904: nephron-sparing surgery versus radical nephrectomy
EORTC 55971	Ovarian cancer	2010	Surgery, Chemotherapy	Neoadjuvant	3	670	OS: HR 0.98Milestone: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy vs primary surgery: EORTC 55971, CHORUS
FORUM	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2010	Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant, Radiation	Relapsed / refractory	3	413	OS: 75% vs 91% at 24 moMilestone: Mitoxantrone in first relapse; TBI before transplant in childhood ALL
HALO 109-301	Pancreatic cancer	2010	Targeted	Locally advanced, Metastatic	3	492	OS: median 11.2 vs 11.5 months, HR 1.00 (95% CI 0.80–1.27)Milestone: Bevacizumab, cetuximab, PEGPH20 added to chemotherapy: no gain
HD10	Hodgkin lymphoma	2010	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Localised	3	1,370	FFTF: 91.1% vs 93% at 60 moMilestone: HD10: fewer cycles and lower dose in early favourable HL
IMPACT	Prostate cancer	2010	Immunotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Metastatic	3	512	OS: median 25.8 vs 21.7 months, HR 0.78 (95% CI 0.61–0.98)Milestone: Sipuleucel-T autologous cellular immunotherapy (IMPACT)
mdx010-20	Melanoma	2010	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	676	OS: median 10 vs 6.4 months, HR 0.68Milestone: Ipilimumab: anti-CTLA-4 survival trials and FDA approval (2010-2011)
mylotarg-phase2-first-relapse	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2010	Antibody–drug conjugate	Any setting	2	142	Overall remission rate: see trialMilestone: Gemtuzumab ozogamicin: approved 2000, withdrawn 2010, back 2017
N0147	Colorectal cancer	2010	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	2,686	DFS: 71.5% vs 74.6% at 36 mo, HR 1.21 (95% CI 0.98–1.49)Milestone: Adjuvant bevacizumab and cetuximab trials in colon cancer
NORCCAP	Colorectal cancer	2010	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	100,210	Colorectal cancer mortality: HR 0.73 (95% CI 0.56–0.94)Milestone: Flexible sigmoidoscopy screening trials
NSABP C-08	Colorectal cancer	2010	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	2,672	DFS: 77.4% vs 75.5% at 36 mo, HR 0.89 (95% CI 0.76–1.04)Milestone: Adjuvant bevacizumab and cetuximab trials in colon cancer
PETACC-8	Colorectal cancer	2010	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	2,559	DFS: HR 1.05 (95% CI 0.85–1.29)Milestone: Adjuvant bevacizumab and cetuximab trials in colon cancer
PLCO	Colorectal cancer	2010	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	154,900	No results recordedMilestone: Flexible sigmoidoscopy screening trials
PORTEC-2⚑ needs review	Endometrial cancer	2010	Radiation	Adjuvant	3	427	Vaginal recurrence: 1.8% vs 1.6% at 60 mo, HR 0.78 (95% CI 0.17–3.49)Milestone: PORTEC-2: vaginal brachytherapy in place of pelvic radiotherapy
PRIMA	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2010	Immunotherapy	Maintenance	3	1,217	PFS: 74.9% vs 57.6%, HR 0.55 (95% CI 0.44–0.68)Milestone: PRIMA: two years of rituximab maintenance after induction (2010)
PROFILE 1001	Lung cancer	2010	Targeted	Metastatic	1	82	ORR: see trialMilestone: Crizotinib for ALK-positive lung cancer (2010-2014)
PROFILE 1007	Lung cancer	2010	Targeted	Metastatic	3	347	PFS: median 7.7 vs 3 months, HR 0.49 (95% CI 0.37–0.64)Milestone: Crizotinib for ALK-positive lung cancer (2010-2014)
PROFILE 1014	Lung cancer	2010	Targeted	Metastatic	3	343	PFS: median 10.9 vs 7 months, HR 0.45 (95% CI 0.35–0.60)Milestone: Crizotinib for ALK-positive lung cancer (2010-2014)
PROSELICA	Prostate cancer	2010	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	1,200	OS: median 13.4 vs 14.5 months, HR 1.024Milestone: Cabazitaxel after docetaxel (TROPIC)
RTOG 0129	Head and neck cancer	2010	Understanding	Locally advanced	observational	323	OS: 82.4% vs 57.1% at 36 mo, HR 0.42 (95% CI 0.27–0.66)Milestone: Tumour HPV status found to be a strong, independent prognostic factor
RTOG 0236	Lung cancer	2010	Radiation	Localised	2	59	Primary tumour control: see trialMilestone: SBRT for medically inoperable early-stage lung cancer (RTOG 0236)
S0106	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2010	Antibody–drug conjugate	Any setting	3	637	DFS: HR 1.48Milestone: Gemtuzumab ozogamicin: approved 2000, withdrawn 2010, back 2017
S0205	Pancreatic cancer	2010	Targeted	Locally advanced, Metastatic	3	745	OS: median 6.3 vs 5.9 months, HR 1.06 (95% CI 0.91–1.23)Milestone: Bevacizumab, cetuximab, PEGPH20 added to chemotherapy: no gain
SCORE	Colorectal cancer	2010	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	—	No results recordedMilestone: Flexible sigmoidoscopy screening trials
SCORPION	Ovarian cancer	2010	Surgery, Chemotherapy	Neoadjuvant	3	171	PFS: median 14 vs 15 months, HR 1.05 (95% CI 0.77–1.44)Milestone: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy vs primary surgery: EORTC 55971, CHORUS
STIM	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2010	Targeted	Maintenance	—	100	MRFS: see trialMilestone: STIM: stopping imatinib after sustained molecular response
ToGA	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2010	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	594	OS: median 13.8 vs 11.1 months, HR 0.74 (95% CI 0.60–0.91)Milestone: ToGA: trastuzumab plus chemotherapy in HER2-positive gastric cancer
TROPIC	Prostate cancer	2010	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	755	OS: median 15.1 vs 12.7 months, HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.59–0.83)Milestone: Cabazitaxel after docetaxel (TROPIC)
uk-flexible-sigmoidoscopy-screening-trial	Colorectal cancer	2010	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	170,432	Colorectal cancer mortality: HR 0.69 (95% CI 0.59–0.82)Milestone: Flexible sigmoidoscopy screening trials
AVADO	Breast cancer	2011	Targeted	Metastatic	3	736	PFS: median 10.1 vs 8.2 months, HR 0.77Milestone: FDA withdraws bevacizumab for metastatic breast cancer (2011)
break-3	Melanoma	2011	Targeted	Metastatic	3	250	PFS: median 5.1 vs 2.7 months, HR 0.30 (95% CI 0.18–0.51)Milestone: BRAF inhibition: vemurafenib (BRIM-3) and companions, 2011-2012
BRIM-3	Melanoma	2011	Targeted	Metastatic	3	675	OS: 84% vs 64% at 6 mo, HR 0.37 (95% CI 0.26–0.55)Milestone: BRAF inhibition: vemurafenib (BRIM-3) and companions, 2011-2012
CLEOPATRA	Breast cancer	2011	Targeted	Metastatic	3	808	PFS: median 18.5 vs 12.4 months, HR 0.62 (95% CI 0.51–0.75)Milestone: CLEOPATRA: pertuzumab added to trastuzumab and docetaxel
COU-AA-301	Prostate cancer	2011	Endocrine	Metastatic	3	1,195	OS: median 14.8 vs 10.9 months, HR 0.65 (95% CI 0.54–0.77)Milestone: Abiraterone after docetaxel improves survival (COU-AA-301)
E2100	Breast cancer	2011	Targeted	Metastatic	3	722	PFS: median 11.8 vs 5.9 months, HR 0.6Milestone: FDA withdraws bevacizumab for metastatic breast cancer (2011)
FIRES	Endometrial cancer	2011	Surgery, Understanding	Localised	observational	385	Sentinel-node sensitivity: see trialMilestone: Sentinel node biopsy tested as an alternative to lymphadenectomy
GOG-0218	Ovarian cancer	2011	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic, Maintenance	3	1,873	PFS: median 14.1 vs 10.3 months, HR 0.717 (95% CI 0.625–0.824)Milestone: Bevacizumab added to first-line chemotherapy: GOG-218 and ICON7
ICON7	Ovarian cancer	2011	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic, Maintenance	3	1,528	PFS: HR 0.81 (95% CI 0.70–0.94)Milestone: Bevacizumab added to first-line chemotherapy: GOG-218 and ICON7
METRIC	Melanoma	2011	Targeted	Metastatic	3	322	PFS: median 4.8 vs 1.5 months, HR 0.45 (95% CI 0.33–0.63)Milestone: BRAF inhibition: vemurafenib (BRIM-3) and companions, 2011-2012
nih-aarp-smoking-bladder	Bladder cancer	2011	Understanding, Detection & prevention	Prevention	observational	—	Bladder cancer incidence: HR 2.22 (95% CI 2.03–2.44)Milestone: Smoking and bladder cancer risk in a large US cohort
NLST	Lung cancer	2011	Detection & prevention	Screening	3	53,454	Positive screening test rate: 24.2% vs 6.9%Milestone: NLST: low-dose CT screening lowers lung-cancer mortality
PLCO	Ovarian cancer	2011	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	78,216	No results recordedMilestone: Ovarian cancer screening: PLCO and UKCTOCS find no mortality reduction
PRODIGE 4 / ACCORD 11	Pancreatic cancer	2011	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	2/3	342	OS: median 11.1 vs 6.8 months, HR 0.57 (95% CI 0.45–0.73)Milestone: FOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine: PRODIGE 4 / ACCORD 11
RIBBON-1	Breast cancer	2011	Targeted	Metastatic	3	1,237	PFS: median 8.6 vs 5.7 months, HR 0.69 (95% CI 0.56–0.84)Milestone: FDA withdraws bevacizumab for metastatic breast cancer (2011)
SENTI-ENDO	Endometrial cancer	2011	Surgery, Understanding	Localised	observational	133	Sentinel-node negative predictive value: see trialMilestone: Sentinel node biopsy tested as an alternative to lymphadenectomy
SENTOR	Endometrial cancer	2011	Surgery, Understanding	Localised	observational	156	Sentinel-node sensitivity: see trialMilestone: Sentinel node biopsy tested as an alternative to lymphadenectomy
SGN-35 phase 1	Hodgkin lymphoma	2011	Antibody–drug conjugate	Relapsed / refractory	1	45	ORR: see trialMilestone: Brentuximab vedotin approved for relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma
SGN-35 pivotal phase 2	Hodgkin lymphoma	2011	Antibody–drug conjugate	Relapsed / refractory	2	102	ORR: see trialMilestone: Brentuximab vedotin approved for relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma
TRANSCEND CLL 004	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2011	Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	1/2	117	CR/CRi rate: see trialMilestone: CAR T cells in CLL: 2011 report to 2024 liso-cel approval
UKCTOCS	Ovarian cancer	2011	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	202,638	Ovarian cancer mortality: 0.29% vs 0.34%Milestone: Ovarian cancer screening: PLCO and UKCTOCS find no mortality reduction
ZETA	Thyroid cancer	2011	Targeted	Metastatic	3	331	PFS: HR 0.46 (95% CI 0.31–0.69)Milestone: ZETA: vandetanib for advanced medullary thyroid cancer
AEWS0031	Sarcoma and GIST	2012	Chemotherapy	Localised	3	587	EFS: 73% vs 65% at 60 mo, HR 0.74 (95% CI 0.54–0.99)Milestone: AEWS0031: interval-compressed chemotherapy in Ewing sarcoma
AFFIRM	Prostate cancer	2012	Endocrine	Metastatic	3	1,199	OS: median 18.4 vs 13.6 months, HR 0.63 (95% CI 0.53–0.75)Milestone: Enzalutamide after docetaxel (AFFIRM)
ASPIRE	Multiple myeloma	2012	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	792	PFS: median 26.3 vs 17.6 months, HR 0.69 (95% CI 0.57–0.83)Milestone: Carfilzomib: accelerated approval to ASPIRE and ENDEAVOR
AURELIA	Ovarian cancer	2012	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	361	PFS: median 6.7 vs 3.4 months, HR 0.48 (95% CI 0.38–0.60)Milestone: Bevacizumab in recurrent disease: OCEANS, AURELIA, GOG-213
BC2001	Bladder cancer	2012	Radiation, Chemotherapy	Localised	3	458	Locoregional disease-free survival: 67% vs 54% at 24 mo, HR 0.68 (95% CI 0.48–0.96)Milestone: BC2001: chemotherapy added to radiotherapy for bladder preservation
BELA	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2012	Targeted	Any setting, Relapsed / refractory	3	502	CCyR: 70% vs 68%Milestone: Bosutinib: from a missed first-line endpoint (BELA) to BFORE
BFORE	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2012	Targeted	Any setting, Relapsed / refractory	3	536	MMR: 47.2% vs 36.9%Milestone: Bosutinib: from a missed first-line endpoint (BELA) to BFORE
ca209-003	Melanoma	2012	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	1	296	ORR: see trialMilestone: Anti-PD-1 in melanoma: phase 1 results to FDA approvals (2012-2014)
CALGB 100104	Multiple myeloma	2012	Targeted, Cell therapy & transplant	Maintenance	—	460	TTP: median 46 vs 27 monthsMilestone: Lenalidomide maintenance after autologous transplant
CheckMate 037	Melanoma	2012	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	405	ORR: 31.7% vs 10.6%Milestone: Anti-PD-1 in melanoma: phase 1 results to FDA approvals (2012-2014)
CNBSS	Breast cancer	2012	Detection & prevention, Understanding	Screening	—	89,835	Breast cancer mortality: HR 1.05 (95% CI 0.85–1.30)Milestone: Screening, overdiagnosis and the benefit-harm debate
CORRECT	Colorectal cancer	2012	Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	3	760	OS: median 6.4 vs 5 months, HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.64–0.94)Milestone: Regorafenib for previously treated metastatic CRC (CORRECT)
CROSS	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2012	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	—	366	OS: median 49.4 vs 24 months, HR 0.657 (95% CI 0.495–0.871)Milestone: CROSS: neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal cancer
EMILIA	Breast cancer	2012	Antibody–drug conjugate, Targeted	Metastatic	3	991	PFS: median 9.6 vs 6.4 months, HR 0.65 (95% CI 0.55–0.77)Milestone: EMILIA: trastuzumab emtansine versus lapatinib plus capecitabine
ENDEAVOR	Multiple myeloma	2012	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	929	PFS: median 18.7 vs 9.4 months, HR 0.53 (95% CI 0.44–0.65)Milestone: Carfilzomib: accelerated approval to ASPIRE and ENDEAVOR
ESTIMABL1	Thyroid cancer	2012	Radiation, Endocrine	Adjuvant	3	752	No results recordedMilestone: HiLo and ESTIMABL1: 1.1 GBq versus 3.7 GBq radioiodine ablation
EXAM	Thyroid cancer	2012	Targeted	Metastatic	3	330	PFS: median 11.2 vs 4 months, HR 0.28 (95% CI 0.19–0.40)Milestone: EXAM and EXAMINER: cabozantinib in medullary thyroid cancer
EXAMINER	Thyroid cancer	2012	Targeted	Metastatic	—	247	PFS: median 11 vs 13.9 months, HR 1.24 (95% CI 0.9–1.7)Milestone: EXAM and EXAMINER: cabozantinib in medullary thyroid cancer
GOG-0213	Ovarian cancer	2012	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	674	OS: median 42.2 vs 37.3 months, HR 0.829 (95% CI 0.683–1.005)Milestone: Bevacizumab in recurrent disease: OCEANS, AURELIA, GOG-213
GRID	Sarcoma and GIST	2012	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	199	PFS: median 4.8 vs 0.9 months, HR 0.27 (95% CI 0.19–0.39)Milestone: GRID: regorafenib after imatinib and sunitinib
HEPATHER	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2012	Detection & prevention, Understanding	Prevention	observational	9,895	Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma: HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.46–0.93)Milestone: Hepatitis C clearance and HCC: interferon-era SVR, then DAA debate
HiLo	Thyroid cancer	2012	Radiation, Endocrine	Adjuvant	3	438	Ablation success rate: 85% vs 88.9%Milestone: HiLo and ESTIMABL1: 1.1 GBq versus 3.7 GBq radioiodine ablation
IFM 2005-02	Multiple myeloma	2012	Targeted, Cell therapy & transplant	Maintenance	3	614	PFS: median 41 vs 23 months, HR 0.5Milestone: Lenalidomide maintenance after autologous transplant
kanwal-va-daa-svr-hcc-cohort	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2012	Detection & prevention, Understanding	Prevention	observational	22,500	Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma: HR 0.28 (95% CI 0.22–0.36)Milestone: Hepatitis C clearance and HCC: interferon-era SVR, then DAA debate
keynote-001-melanoma	Melanoma	2012	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	1	135	ORR: see trialMilestone: Anti-PD-1 in melanoma: phase 1 results to FDA approvals (2012-2014)
KEYNOTE-002	Melanoma	2012	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	2	540	PFS: 34% vs 16% at 6 mo, HR 0.57 (95% CI 0.45–0.73)Milestone: Anti-PD-1 in melanoma: phase 1 results to FDA approvals (2012-2014)
lenalidomide-maintenance-meta-analysis-2017	Multiple myeloma	2012	Targeted, Cell therapy & transplant	Maintenance	meta-analysis	1,208	PFS: median 52.8 vs 23.5 months, HR 0.48 (95% CI 0.41–0.55)Milestone: Lenalidomide maintenance after autologous transplant
OCEANS	Ovarian cancer	2012	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	484	PFS: median 12.4 vs 8.4 months, HR 0.484 (95% CI 0.388–0.605)Milestone: Bevacizumab in recurrent disease: OCEANS, AURELIA, GOG-213
OPTIC	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2012	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	283	BCR-ABL1 ≤1% (IS): see trialMilestone: Ponatinib: activity against T315I (PACE)
PACE	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2012	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	449	MCyR: see trialMilestone: Ponatinib: activity against T315I (PACE)
PALETTE	Sarcoma and GIST	2012	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	369	PFS: median 4.6 vs 1.6 months, HR 0.31 (95% CI 0.24–0.40)Milestone: PALETTE: pazopanib after chemotherapy in non-adipocytic sarcoma
PX-171-003-A1	Multiple myeloma	2012	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: Carfilzomib: accelerated approval to ASPIRE and ENDEAVOR
reig-daa-prior-hcc-recurrence-cohort	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2012	Detection & prevention, Understanding	Prevention	observational	58	Radiological tumour recurrence: see trialMilestone: Hepatitis C clearance and HCC: interferon-era SVR, then DAA debate
SOLO2/ENGOT-Ov21	Ovarian cancer	2012	Targeted	Maintenance, Relapsed / refractory	3	295	PFS: median 19.1 vs 5.5 months, HR 0.30 (95% CI 0.22–0.41)Milestone: Olaparib maintenance in platinum-sensitive relapse: Study 19 and SOLO2
Study 19	Ovarian cancer	2012	Targeted	Maintenance, Relapsed / refractory	2	265	PFS: median 8.4 vs 4.8 months, HR 0.35 (95% CI 0.25–0.49)Milestone: Olaparib maintenance in platinum-sensitive relapse: Study 19 and SOLO2
surlemont-2021-bcg-shortage-france	Bladder cancer	2012	Immunotherapy, Supportive care	Localised	observational	—	Incomplete BCG induction: 20.8% vs 5.3%Milestone: BCG shortages from about 2012 limit intravesical therapy
vandermeer-svr-fibrosis-cohort	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2012	Detection & prevention, Understanding	Prevention	observational	530	All-cause mortality: 8.9% vs 26% at 120 mo, HR 0.26 (95% CI 0.14–0.49)Milestone: Hepatitis C clearance and HCC: interferon-era SVR, then DAA debate
ALSYMPCA	Prostate cancer	2013	Radiation	Metastatic	3	921	OS: median 14 vs 11.2 months, HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.55–0.88)Milestone: Radium-223 and survival in bone-metastatic CRPC (ALSYMPCA)
AML17	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2013	Targeted	Any setting	3	235	No results recordedMilestone: APL0406: ATRA plus arsenic trioxide versus ATRA plus chemotherapy
APL0406	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2013	Targeted	Any setting	3	276	Complete remission rate: 100% vs 95%Milestone: APL0406: ATRA plus arsenic trioxide versus ATRA plus chemotherapy
AQUILA	Multiple myeloma	2013	Immunotherapy, Targeted	Any setting	3	390	PFS: 63.1% vs 40.8% at 60 mo, HR 0.49 (95% CI 0.36–0.67)Milestone: Treating smouldering myeloma: from lenalidomide to daratumumab
ATHENA	Cervical cancer	2013	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	—	Sensitivity: 76.1% vs 47.8%Milestone: HPV testing versus cytology in screening: RCT follow-up and FDA 2014
BRIGHT	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2013	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Locally advanced	3	447	CR rate: 31% vs 25%Milestone: StiL: bendamustine-rituximab vs R-CHOP, first-line indolent/MCL
cart19-penn	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2013	Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	—	—	Complete remission rate: see trialMilestone: CD19 CAR T cells induce remissions in children with relapsed ALL
CLL11	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2013	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	781	PFS: median 26.7 vs 11.1 months, HR 0.18 (95% CI 0.13–0.24)Milestone: CLL11: anti-CD20 plus chlorambucil in patients with comorbidities
DECISION	Thyroid cancer	2013	Targeted	Metastatic	3	417	PFS: median 10.8 vs 5.8 months, HR 0.59 (95% CI 0.45–0.76)Milestone: DECISION: sorafenib for radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer
E3A06	Multiple myeloma	2013	Immunotherapy, Targeted	Any setting	3	182	PFS: 98% vs 89% at 12 mo, HR 0.28 (95% CI 0.12–0.62)Milestone: Treating smouldering myeloma: from lenalidomide to daratumumab
HARMONY	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2013	Targeted	Any setting	observational	1,438	OS: 91% vs 81% at 84 moMilestone: APL0406: ATRA plus arsenic trioxide versus ATRA plus chemotherapy
HPV FOCAL	Cervical cancer	2013	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	19,009	No results recordedMilestone: HPV testing versus cytology in screening: RCT follow-up and FDA 2014
LNH03-6B	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2013	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	3	602	EFS: 56% vs 60% at 36 mo, HR 1.04 (95% CI 0.82–1.31)Milestone: R-CHOP-14 not better than R-CHOP-21 (two randomised trials, 2013)
MPACT	Pancreatic cancer	2013	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	861	OS: median 8.5 vs 6.7 months, HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.62–0.83)Milestone: MPACT: nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine improves survival
ncri-r-chop-14-vs-21	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2013	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	3	1,080	OS: 82.7% vs 80.8% at 24 mo, HR 0.90 (95% CI 0.70–1.15)Milestone: R-CHOP-14 not better than R-CHOP-21 (two randomised trials, 2013)
pcyc-1102-ibrutinib	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2013	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	1/2	85	ORR: see trialMilestone: Ibrutinib: BTK inhibition for relapsed CLL, approved in 2014
POBASCAM	Cervical cancer	2013	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	—	No results recordedMilestone: HPV testing versus cytology in screening: RCT follow-up and FDA 2014
QUIREDEX	Multiple myeloma	2013	Immunotherapy, Targeted	Any setting	3	119	TTP: HR 0.18 (95% CI 0.09–0.32)Milestone: Treating smouldering myeloma: from lenalidomide to daratumumab
RAINBOW	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2013	Targeted	Metastatic	3	665	OS: median 9.6 vs 7.4 months, HR 0.807 (95% CI 0.678–0.962)Milestone: REGARD and RAINBOW: ramucirumab after first-line therapy
REGARD	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2013	Targeted	Metastatic	3	355	OS: median 5.2 vs 3.8 months, HR 0.776 (95% CI 0.603–0.998)Milestone: REGARD and RAINBOW: ramucirumab after first-line therapy
RESONATE	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2013	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	391	PFS: HR 0.22Milestone: Ibrutinib: BTK inhibition for relapsed CLL, approved in 2014
RTOG 0525	Glioblastoma	2013	Chemotherapy	Maintenance	3	833	OS: median 14.9 vs 16.6 months, HR 1.03Milestone: Dose-dense temozolomide shows no survival gain (RTOG 0525)
StiL NHL1	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2013	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Locally advanced	3	549	PFS: median 69.5 vs 31.2 months, HR 0.58 (95% CI 0.44–0.74)Milestone: StiL: bendamustine-rituximab vs R-CHOP, first-line indolent/MCL
Swedescreen, POBASCAM, ARTISTIC, NTCC (pooled follow-up)⚑ needs review	Cervical cancer	2013	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	176,464	No results recordedMilestone: HPV testing versus cytology in screening: RCT follow-up and FDA 2014
UKALL 2003⚑ needs review	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2013	Chemotherapy, Understanding	Any setting	—	521	EFS: 94.4% vs 95.5% at 60 moMilestone: MRD-guided treatment reduction for low-risk ALL (UKALL 2003)
ACT IV	Glioblastoma	2014	Targeted, Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	745	OS: median 20.1 vs 20 months, HR 1.01 (95% CI 0.79–1.30)Milestone: Three further add-on agents fail in randomised phase 3 trials
ALKA-372-001, STARTRK-1 and STARTRK-2 (integrated)	Lung cancer	2014	Targeted	Metastatic	1/2	53	ORR: see trialMilestone: ROS1-positive NSCLC: crizotinib to taletrectinib
AVAglio	Glioblastoma	2014	Targeted	Adjuvant	3	—	PFS: median 10.6 vs 6.2 months, HR 0.64 (95% CI 0.55–0.74)Milestone: Bevacizumab added to chemoradiation does not improve survival
CENTRIC	Glioblastoma	2014	Targeted, Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	545	OS: median 26.3 vs 26.3 months, HR 1.02 (95% CI 0.81–1.29)Milestone: Three further add-on agents fail in randomised phase 3 trials
CheckMate 039	Hodgkin lymphoma	2014	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	1	23	ORR: see trialMilestone: PD-1 blockade for relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma
CheckMate 066	Melanoma	2014	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	418	OS: 72.9% vs 42.1% at 12 mo, HR 0.42Milestone: Nivolumab monotherapy: CheckMate 066 and CheckMate 037 (2014-2015)
CheckMate 205	Hodgkin lymphoma	2014	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	2	243	ORR: see trialMilestone: PD-1 blockade for relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma
COMBI-d	Melanoma	2014	Targeted	Metastatic	3	423	PFS: median 9.3 vs 8.8 months, HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.57–0.99)Milestone: Dabrafenib plus trametinib: COMBI-d and COMBI-v (2014)
COMBI-v	Melanoma	2014	Targeted	Metastatic	3	704	OS: 72% vs 65% at 12 mo, HR 0.69 (95% CI 0.53–0.89)Milestone: Dabrafenib plus trametinib: COMBI-d and COMBI-v (2014)
EORTC 62012	Sarcoma and GIST	2014	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	455	OS: median 14.3 vs 12.8 months, HR 0.83Milestone: EORTC 62012: doxorubicin vs doxorubicin plus ifosfamide
FIRST	Multiple myeloma	2014	Targeted	Any setting	3	1,623	PFS: median 25.5 vs 21.2 months, HR 0.72Milestone: FIRST and SWOG S0777: lenalidomide-based first-line treatment
GETUG 13	Testicular germ cell tumors	2014	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	263	PFS: 59% vs 48% at 36 mo, HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.44–1.00)Milestone: GETUG 13: tumour-marker decline guides dose-dense chemotherapy
GOG-240	Cervical cancer	2014	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	452	OS: median 17 vs 13.3 months, HR 0.71Milestone: GOG-240: bevacizumab added to chemotherapy (FDA 2014)
H10	Hodgkin lymphoma	2014	Radiation, Understanding	Localised	3	1,950	PFS: 90.6% vs 77.4% at 60 mo, HR 0.42 (95% CI 0.23–0.74)Milestone: EORTC H10: PET-guided omission of radiotherapy tested
KEYNOTE-087	Hodgkin lymphoma	2014	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	2	210	ORR: see trialMilestone: PD-1 blockade for relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma
MIRAGE	Glioblastoma	2014	Targeted, Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	749	OS: median 16.5 vs 17 months, HR 1.04Milestone: Three further add-on agents fail in randomised phase 3 trials
PROFILE 1001 (ROS1 cohort)	Lung cancer	2014	Targeted	Metastatic	1	50	ORR: see trialMilestone: ROS1-positive NSCLC: crizotinib to taletrectinib
RTOG 0825	Glioblastoma	2014	Targeted	Adjuvant	3	637	OS: median 15.7 vs 16.1 months, HR 1.13Milestone: Bevacizumab added to chemoradiation does not improve survival
SWOG S0777	Multiple myeloma	2014	Targeted	Any setting	3	525	PFS: median 43 vs 30 months, HR 0.712Milestone: FIRST and SWOG S0777: lenalidomide-based first-line treatment
TRIDENT-1	Lung cancer	2014	Targeted	Metastatic	1/2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: ROS1-positive NSCLC: crizotinib to taletrectinib
TRUST-I and TRUST-II (pooled)	Lung cancer	2014	Targeted	Metastatic	2	273	ORR: see trialMilestone: ROS1-positive NSCLC: crizotinib to taletrectinib
A041202	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2015	Targeted	Metastatic	3	547	PFS: 87% vs 74% at 24 mo, HR 0.39 (95% CI 0.26–0.58)Milestone: Ibrutinib as first-line therapy: RESONATE-2, A041202, E1912
AETHERA	Hodgkin lymphoma	2015	Antibody–drug conjugate	Relapsed / refractory, Maintenance	3	329	PFS: median 42.9 vs 24.1 months, HR 0.57 (95% CI 0.40–0.81)Milestone: AETHERA: brentuximab vedotin consolidation after ASCT
CABOSUN	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2015	Targeted	Metastatic	2	157	PFS: median 8.2 vs 5.6 months, HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.46–0.95)Milestone: Cabozantinib: METEOR (after VEGF therapy) and CABOSUN (first line)
CASTOR	Multiple myeloma	2015	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	498	PFS: 60.7% vs 26.9% at 12 mo, HR 0.39 (95% CI 0.28–0.53)Milestone: Daratumumab: anti-CD38 antibody from single agent to CASTOR/POLLUX
CHAARTED	Prostate cancer	2015	Chemotherapy, Endocrine	Metastatic	3	790	OS: median 57.6 vs 44 months, HR 0.61 (95% CI 0.47–0.80)Milestone: Docetaxel with ADT in hormone-sensitive disease (CHAARTED, STAMPEDE)
CheckMate 017	Lung cancer	2015	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	272	OS: median 9.2 vs 6 months, HR 0.59 (95% CI 0.44–0.79)Milestone: PD-(L)1 blockade after chemotherapy: CheckMate, KEYNOTE-010, OAK
CheckMate 025	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2015	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	821	OS: median 25 vs 19.6 months, HR 0.73Milestone: CheckMate 025: nivolumab versus everolimus in treated RCC (2015)
CheckMate 057	Lung cancer	2015	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	582	OS: median 12.2 vs 9.4 months, HR 0.73Milestone: PD-(L)1 blockade after chemotherapy: CheckMate, KEYNOTE-010, OAK
CheckMate 067	Melanoma	2015	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	945	PFS: median 11.5 vs 2.9 months, HR 0.42Milestone: Nivolumab plus ipilimumab: CheckMate 069/067 and the 10-year follow-up
CheckMate 069	Melanoma	2015	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	2	142	PFS: HR 0.40 (95% CI 0.23–0.68)Milestone: Nivolumab plus ipilimumab: CheckMate 069/067 and the 10-year follow-up
CheckMate 142	Colorectal cancer	2015	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: PD-1 blockade in mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer
E1912	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2015	Targeted	Metastatic	3	529	PFS: 89.4% vs 72.9% at 36 mo, HR 0.35 (95% CI 0.22–0.56)Milestone: Ibrutinib as first-line therapy: RESONATE-2, A041202, E1912
EF-14	Glioblastoma	2015	Targeted	Maintenance	3	695	PFS: median 7.1 vs 4 months, HR 0.62Milestone: Tumour treating fields added to maintenance temozolomide (EF-14)
EORTC 18071	Melanoma	2015	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	951	RFS: median 26.1 vs 17.1 months, HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.64–0.90)Milestone: Adjuvant ipilimumab 10 mg/kg: EORTC 18071 and FDA approval (2015)
ET743-SAR-3007	Sarcoma and GIST	2015	Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	518	OS: median 12.4 vs 12.9 months, HR 0.87Milestone: Trabectedin vs dacarbazine in liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma
FLAIR	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2015	Targeted	Metastatic	3	771	PFS: HR 0.44 (95% CI 0.32–0.60)Milestone: Ibrutinib as first-line therapy: RESONATE-2, A041202, E1912
GEN501	Multiple myeloma	2015	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	1/2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: Daratumumab: anti-CD38 antibody from single agent to CASTOR/POLLUX
GETUG-AFU 15	Prostate cancer	2015	Chemotherapy, Endocrine	Metastatic	3	385	OS: median 58.9 vs 54.2 months, HR 1.01 (95% CI 0.75–1.36)Milestone: Docetaxel with ADT in hormone-sensitive disease (CHAARTED, STAMPEDE)
KEYNOTE-006	Melanoma	2015	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	834	PFS: 47.3% vs 26.5% at 6 mo, HR 0.58 (95% CI 0.46–0.72)Milestone: KEYNOTE-006: pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab (2015, 10-year follow-up)
KEYNOTE-010	Lung cancer	2015	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	2/3	1,034	OS: median 10.4 vs 8.5 months, HR 0.71 (95% CI 0.58–0.88)Milestone: PD-(L)1 blockade after chemotherapy: CheckMate, KEYNOTE-010, OAK
KEYNOTE-016	Colorectal cancer	2015	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	2	41	PFS: median 2.2 months, HR 0.1Milestone: PD-1 blockade in mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer
METEOR	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2015	Targeted	Metastatic	3	658	PFS: median 7.4 vs 3.8 months, HR 0.58 (95% CI 0.45–0.75)Milestone: Cabozantinib: METEOR (after VEGF therapy) and CABOSUN (first line)
MONALEESA-2	Breast cancer	2015	Targeted, Endocrine	Metastatic	3	668	PFS: 63% vs 42.2% at 18 mo, HR 0.56 (95% CI 0.43–0.72)Milestone: CDK4/6 inhibitors added to first-line endocrine therapy
MONARCH 3⚑ needs review	Breast cancer	2015	Targeted, Endocrine	Metastatic	3	493	PFS: HR 0.54 (95% CI 0.41–0.72)Milestone: CDK4/6 inhibitors added to first-line endocrine therapy
MURANO	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2015	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	389	PFS: 84.9% vs 36.3% at 24 mo, HR 0.17 (95% CI 0.11–0.25)Milestone: Venetoclax: BCL2 inhibition, from phase 1 to MURANO
OAK	Lung cancer	2015	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	1,225	OS: median 13.8 vs 9.6 months, HR 0.73 (95% CI 0.62–0.87)Milestone: PD-(L)1 blockade after chemotherapy: CheckMate, KEYNOTE-010, OAK
OPTiM	Melanoma	2015	Immunotherapy	Metastatic, Locally advanced	3	436	OS: median 23.3 vs 18.9 months, HR 0.79 (95% CI 0.62–1.00)Milestone: Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC): OPTiM trial and approval (2015)
PALOMA-2	Breast cancer	2015	Targeted, Endocrine	Metastatic	3	666	PFS: median 24.8 vs 14.5 months, HR 0.58 (95% CI 0.46–0.72)Milestone: CDK4/6 inhibitors added to first-line endocrine therapy
POLLUX	Multiple myeloma	2015	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	569	PFS: 83.2% vs 60.1% at 12 mo, HR 0.37 (95% CI 0.27–0.52)Milestone: Daratumumab: anti-CD38 antibody from single agent to CASTOR/POLLUX
PORTEC-3	Endometrial cancer	2015	Understanding, Chemotherapy, Radiation	Adjuvant	3	686	OS: 81.8% vs 76.7% at 60 mo, HR 0.76 (95% CI 0.54–1.06)Milestone: ProMisE and PORTEC-3: molecular classes in high-risk disease
PRIME II	Breast cancer	2015	Radiation, Surgery	Adjuvant	3	1,326	IBTR: 4.1% vs 1.3%, HR 5.19 (95% CI 1.99–13.52)Milestone: PRIME II: omitting radiotherapy in low-risk older women
RAPID	Hodgkin lymphoma	2015	Radiation, Understanding	Localised	3	602	PFS: 90.8% vs 94.6% at 36 moMilestone: RAPID: omitting radiotherapy after a negative PET
RECOURSE	Colorectal cancer	2015	Chemotherapy, Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	3	800	OS: median 7.1 vs 5.3 months, HR 0.68 (95% CI 0.58–0.81)Milestone: Trifluridine-tipiracil (TAS-102): RECOURSE and SUNLIGHT
RESONATE-2	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2015	Targeted	Metastatic	3	269	PFS: HR 0.16Milestone: Ibrutinib as first-line therapy: RESONATE-2, A041202, E1912
sasaki-2015-mdacc-cohort	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2015	Understanding	Any setting	observational	483	5-year relative survival: see trialMilestone: Life expectancy in CML approaches that of the general population
SELECT	Thyroid cancer	2015	Targeted	Metastatic	3	392	PFS: median 18.3 vs 3.6 months, HR 0.21Milestone: SELECT: lenvatinib for radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer
SIOP WT 2001	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2015	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	583	EFS: 88.2% vs 92.6% at 24 moMilestone: SIOP WT 2001: doxorubicin omitted in intermediate-risk stage II-III
SIRIUS	Multiple myeloma	2015	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: Daratumumab: anti-CD38 antibody from single agent to CASTOR/POLLUX
STAMPEDE	Prostate cancer	2015	Chemotherapy, Endocrine	Metastatic	2/3	2,962	OS: median 81 vs 71 months, HR 0.78 (95% CI 0.66–0.93)Milestone: Docetaxel with ADT in hormone-sensitive disease (CHAARTED, STAMPEDE)
STORM	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2015	Targeted	Adjuvant	3	1,114	RFS: median 33.3 vs 33.7 months, HR 0.940 (95% CI 0.780–1.134)Milestone: STORM: adjuvant sorafenib did not improve recurrence-free survival
SUNLIGHT	Colorectal cancer	2015	Chemotherapy, Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	3	492	OS: median 10.8 vs 7.5 months, HR 0.61 (95% CI 0.49–0.77)Milestone: Trifluridine-tipiracil (TAS-102): RECOURSE and SUNLIGHT
tata-elective-vs-therapeutic-neck-dissection	Head and neck cancer	2015	Surgery	Localised	—	596	OS: 80% vs 67.5% at 36 mo, HR 0.64 (95% CI 0.45–0.92)Milestone: Elective vs therapeutic neck dissection in early oral cancer (Tata)
venetoclax-del17p-m13-982	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2015	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	158	ORR: see trialMilestone: Venetoclax: BCL2 inhibition, from phase 1 to MURANO
venetoclax-phase1-cll	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2015	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	1	116	ORR: see trialMilestone: Venetoclax: BCL2 inhibition, from phase 1 to MURANO
AALL0232	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2016	Chemotherapy	Any setting	3	3,154	EFS: 82% vs 75.4% at 60 moMilestone: Dexamethasone and high-dose methotrexate in high-risk B-ALL
aml17-aml19-mrd-monitoring	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2016	Understanding	Any setting	3	637	OS: 70% vs 73% at 36 mo, HR 1.11 (95% CI 0.83–1.49)Milestone: Measurable residual disease in AML: prognostic value and monitoring
aml17-npm1-mrd	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2016	Understanding	Any setting	observational	346	Relapse risk: 82% vs 30% at 36 mo, HR 4.80 (95% CI 2.95–7.80)Milestone: Measurable residual disease in AML: prognostic value and monitoring
AREN0532	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2016	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Any setting	3	116	EFS: see trialMilestone: COG AREN0532 and AREN0533: risk-adapted Wilms therapy
AREN0533	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2016	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Any setting	3	292	EFS: see trialMilestone: COG AREN0532 and AREN0533: risk-adapted Wilms therapy
ARIEL3	Ovarian cancer	2016	Targeted	Maintenance, Relapsed / refractory	3	564	PFS: median 16.6 vs 5.4 months, HR 0.23 (95% CI 0.16–0.34)Milestone: Niraparib and rucaparib maintenance, relapsed disease: NOVA, ARIEL3
ASSURE	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2016	Targeted	Adjuvant	3	1,943	DFS: median 5.8 vs 6.6 years, HR 1.02Milestone: Adjuvant VEGF-TKIs: ASSURE, S-TRAC, PROTECT and SORCE
blinatumomab-pediatric-phase1-2	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2016	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	1/2	93	Complete remission rate: see trialMilestone: Blinatumomab for relapsed or refractory paediatric B-ALL
CheckMate 141	Head and neck cancer	2016	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	361	OS: median 7.5 vs 5.1 months, HR 0.7Milestone: CheckMate 141: nivolumab versus standard therapy after platinum
CHHiP	Prostate cancer	2016	Radiation	Localised	3	3,216	BCF-free survival: 90.6% vs 88.3% at 60 mo, HR 0.84Milestone: Shorter radiotherapy: hypofractionation and SBRT (CHHiP, PACE-B)
DeCOG-SLT	Melanoma	2016	Surgery	Localised, Locally advanced	3	483	DMFS: 77% vs 74.9% at 36 moMilestone: Completion node dissection vs observation: DeCOG-SLT and MSLT-II
DESTINY-CRC01	Colorectal cancer	2016	Targeted, Antibody–drug conjugate	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	2	78	ORR: see trialMilestone: HER2-targeted therapy for HER2-positive metastatic CRC
E1308	Head and neck cancer	2016	Radiation, Surgery, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Adjuvant	2	90	PFS: see trialMilestone: Reduced-dose radiotherapy tested for good-risk HPV-positive oropharynx
E3311	Head and neck cancer	2016	Radiation, Surgery, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Adjuvant	2	495	PFS: 96.9% vs 96% at 24 moMilestone: Reduced-dose radiotherapy tested for good-risk HPV-positive oropharynx
EURAMOS-1	Sarcoma and GIST	2016	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	2,260	EFS: HR 0.98 (95% CI 0.78–1.23)Milestone: EURAMOS-1: response-adapted escalation did not improve EFS
GOG-0262	Ovarian cancer	2016	Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic	3	692	PFS: median 14.7 vs 14 months, HR 0.89 (95% CI 0.74–1.06)Milestone: Weekly paclitaxel: JGOG 3016 gain not seen in GOG-262 or ICON8
gp-vs-fp-npc⚑ needs review	Head and neck cancer	2016	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	362	PFS: median 7 vs 5.6 months, HR 0.55 (95% CI 0.44–0.68)Milestone: Gemcitabine-cisplatin versus fluorouracil-cisplatin in metastatic NPC
HERACLES	Colorectal cancer	2016	Targeted, Antibody–drug conjugate	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	2	27	ORR: see trialMilestone: HER2-targeted therapy for HER2-positive metastatic CRC
HYPO-RT-PC	Prostate cancer	2016	Radiation	Localised	3	1,200	BCF-free survival: 84% vs 84% at 60 mo, HR 1.002 (95% CI 0.758–1.325)Milestone: Shorter radiotherapy: hypofractionation and SBRT (CHHiP, PACE-B)
ICON8	Ovarian cancer	2016	Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic	3	1,566	PFS: median 20.8 vs 17.7 monthsMilestone: Weekly paclitaxel: JGOG 3016 gain not seen in GOG-262 or ICON8
JCOG0905	Sarcoma and GIST	2016	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	—	287	DFS: HR 1.05 (95% CI 0.55–1.98)Milestone: EURAMOS-1: response-adapted escalation did not improve EFS
JGOG 3016	Ovarian cancer	2016	Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic	3	637	PFS: median 28 vs 17.2 months, HR 0.71 (95% CI 0.58–0.88)Milestone: Weekly paclitaxel: JGOG 3016 gain not seen in GOG-262 or ICON8
jongen-lavrencic-2018-ngs-mrd	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2016	Understanding	Any setting	observational	482	Relapse risk: 55.4% vs 31.9% at 48 mo, HR 2.14Milestone: Measurable residual disease in AML: prognostic value and monitoring
KEYNOTE-012	Head and neck cancer	2016	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	1	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: Pembrolizumab after platinum: accelerated approval, then KEYNOTE-040
KEYNOTE-021 cohort G	Lung cancer	2016	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	2	123	ORR: 55% vs 29%Milestone: Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy first-line: KEYNOTE-021G, -189, -407
KEYNOTE-024	Lung cancer	2016	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	305	PFS: median 10.3 vs 6 months, HR 0.50 (95% CI 0.37–0.68)Milestone: KEYNOTE-024: first-line pembrolizumab for PD-L1 >= 50%
KEYNOTE-040⚑ needs review	Head and neck cancer	2016	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	495	OS: median 8.4 vs 6.9 months, HR 0.80 (95% CI 0.65–0.98)Milestone: Pembrolizumab after platinum: accelerated approval, then KEYNOTE-040
KEYNOTE-189	Lung cancer	2016	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	616	OS: 69.2% vs 49.4% at 12 mo, HR 0.49 (95% CI 0.38–0.64)Milestone: Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy first-line: KEYNOTE-021G, -189, -407
KEYNOTE-407	Lung cancer	2016	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	559	OS: median 15.9 vs 11.3 months, HR 0.64 (95% CI 0.49–0.85)Milestone: Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy first-line: KEYNOTE-021G, -189, -407
MINDACT	Breast cancer	2016	Understanding, Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	6,693	DMFS: see trialMilestone: Genomic assays guide who can skip chemotherapy
MOUNTAINEER	Colorectal cancer	2016	Targeted, Antibody–drug conjugate	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	2	117	ORR: see trialMilestone: HER2-targeted therapy for HER2-positive metastatic CRC
MSLT-II	Melanoma	2016	Surgery	Localised, Locally advanced	3	1,939	MSS: 86% vs 86% at 36 moMilestone: Completion node dissection vs observation: DeCOG-SLT and MSLT-II
munshi-2017-mrd-meta-analysis	Multiple myeloma	2016	Understanding	Any setting	meta-analysis	1,273	PFS: HR 0.41 (95% CI 0.36–0.48)Milestone: Minimal residual disease: IMWG criteria to an ODAC endpoint vote
MyPathway	Colorectal cancer	2016	Targeted, Antibody–drug conjugate	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	2	57	ORR: see trialMilestone: HER2-targeted therapy for HER2-positive metastatic CRC
NOVA/ENGOT-OV16	Ovarian cancer	2016	Targeted	Maintenance, Relapsed / refractory	3	553	PFS: median 21 vs 5.5 months, HR 0.27 (95% CI 0.17–0.41)Milestone: Niraparib and rucaparib maintenance, relapsed disease: NOVA, ARIEL3
NRG-HN002	Head and neck cancer	2016	Radiation, Surgery, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Adjuvant	2	306	PFS: see trialMilestone: Reduced-dose radiotherapy tested for good-risk HPV-positive oropharynx
PACE-B	Prostate cancer	2016	Radiation	Localised	3	874	RTOG grade 2 or worse genitourinary toxicity: 3% vs 2% at 24 moMilestone: Shorter radiotherapy: hypofractionation and SBRT (CHHiP, PACE-B)
PROFIT	Prostate cancer	2016	Radiation	Localised	—	—	BCF-free survival: 85% vs 85% at 60 mo, HR 0.96Milestone: Shorter radiotherapy: hypofractionation and SBRT (CHHiP, PACE-B)
ProtecT	Prostate cancer	2016	Surgery, Radiation	Localised	—	1,643	Prostate cancer mortality: 2.2% vs 3.1%Milestone: ProtecT: monitoring, surgery or radiotherapy for PSA-detected cancer
PROTECT	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2016	Targeted	Adjuvant	3	1,538	DFS: HR 0.86 (95% CI 0.70–1.06)Milestone: Adjuvant VEGF-TKIs: ASSURE, S-TRAC, PROTECT and SORCE
RATHL	Hodgkin lymphoma	2016	Chemotherapy, Understanding	Locally advanced, Metastatic	3	1,214	PFS: HR 1.13 (95% CI 0.81–1.57)Milestone: RATHL: dropping bleomycin after a negative interim PET
RESORCE	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2016	Targeted	Metastatic	3	573	OS: median 10.6 vs 7.8 months, HR 0.63 (95% CI 0.50–0.79)Milestone: RESORCE: regorafenib after sorafenib progression
RxPONDER	Breast cancer	2016	Understanding, Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	—	5,083	iDFS: 91.9% vs 91.3% at 60 mo, HR 1.02 (95% CI 0.82–1.26)Milestone: Genomic assays guide who can skip chemotherapy
S-TRAC	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2016	Targeted	Adjuvant	3	615	DFS: median 6.8 vs 5.6 years, HR 0.76 (95% CI 0.59–0.98)Milestone: Adjuvant VEGF-TKIs: ASSURE, S-TRAC, PROTECT and SORCE
short-2020-mrd-meta	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2016	Understanding	Any setting	meta-analysis	11,151	OS: 68% vs 34% at 60 mo, HR 0.36Milestone: Measurable residual disease in AML: prognostic value and monitoring
SORCE	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2016	Targeted	Adjuvant	3	1,711	DFS: HR 1.01 (95% CI 0.83–1.23)Milestone: Adjuvant VEGF-TKIs: ASSURE, S-TRAC, PROTECT and SORCE
Study 309	Sarcoma and GIST	2016	Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	452	OS: median 13.5 vs 11.5 months, HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.62–0.95)Milestone: Eribulin vs dacarbazine in liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma
TAILORx	Breast cancer	2016	Understanding, Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	—	10,273	iDFS: 83.3% vs 84.3% at 108 mo, HR 1.08 (95% CI 0.94–1.24)Milestone: Genomic assays guide who can skip chemotherapy
301	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2017	Chemotherapy	Any setting	3	309	OS: median 9.56 vs 5.95 months, HR 0.69 (95% CI 0.52–0.90)Milestone: CPX-351 versus 7+3 in older adults with high-risk or secondary AML
AGILE	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2017	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory, Any setting	3	146	EFS: 37% vs 12% at 12 mo, HR 0.33 (95% CI 0.16–0.69)Milestone: IDH1 and IDH2 inhibitors in AML: enasidenib, ivosidenib, olutasidenib
ALCYONE	Multiple myeloma	2017	Immunotherapy	Any setting	3	706	PFS: 71.6% vs 50.2% at 18 mo, HR 0.50 (95% CI 0.38–0.65)Milestone: Daratumumab first line without transplant: ALCYONE, MAIA, CEPHEUS
ALEX	Lung cancer	2017	Targeted	Metastatic	3	303	PFS: 68.4% vs 48.7% at 12 mo, HR 0.47 (95% CI 0.34–0.65)Milestone: ALEX: alectinib vs crizotinib first-line
ANBL1221	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2017	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	36	ORR: see trialMilestone: Relapsed or refractory disease: randomised phase 2 chemo-immunotherapy
BEACON	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2017	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	160	PFS: HR 0.89 (95% CI 0.63–1.27)Milestone: Relapsed or refractory disease: randomised phase 2 chemo-immunotherapy
BEACON Immuno	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2017	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	65	ORR: 30.2% vs 18.2%Milestone: Relapsed or refractory disease: randomised phase 2 chemo-immunotherapy
CE.6	Glioblastoma	2017	Radiation, Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	562	OS: median 9.3 vs 7.6 months, HR 0.67 (95% CI 0.56–0.80)Milestone: Short-course radiotherapy plus temozolomide in older people
CEPHEUS	Multiple myeloma	2017	Immunotherapy	Any setting	3	395	PFS: HR 0.57 (95% CI 0.41–0.79)Milestone: Daratumumab first line without transplant: ALCYONE, MAIA, CEPHEUS
CheckMate 040	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2017	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	1/2	262	ORR: see trialMilestone: Nivolumab after sorafenib: CheckMate 040 and accelerated approval
CheckMate 238⚑ needs review	Melanoma	2017	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	906	RFS: 70.5% vs 60.8% at 12 mo, HR 0.65Milestone: Adjuvant nivolumab versus ipilimumab: CheckMate 238 (2017)
COMBI-AD	Melanoma	2017	Targeted	Adjuvant	3	870	RFS: 58% vs 39% at 36 mo, HR 0.47 (95% CI 0.39–0.58)Milestone: Adjuvant dabrafenib plus trametinib: COMBI-AD (2017)
DASFREE	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2017	Targeted	Maintenance	2	84	TFR: see trialMilestone: Stopping TKIs: EURO-SKI, ENESTfreedom, ENESTop, DASFREE, label
DESTINY	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2017	Targeted	Maintenance	2	174	Molecular recurrence: HR 0.12Milestone: DESTINY: reducing the TKI dose before stopping
DETERMINATION	Multiple myeloma	2017	Cell therapy & transplant, Targeted	Any setting	3	—	PFS: median 67.5 vs 46.2 monthsMilestone: Transplant with RVD or RVD alone: IFM 2009 and DETERMINATION
ECHELON-1	Hodgkin lymphoma	2017	Antibody–drug conjugate, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic	3	1,334	mPFS: 82.1% vs 77.2% at 24 mo, HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.60–0.98)Milestone: ECHELON-1: brentuximab vedotin plus AVD vs ABVD
ELIANA	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2017	Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory, Any setting	2	—	Overall remission rate: see trialMilestone: FDA approves tisagenlecleucel for relapsed or refractory B-ALL
enasidenib-idh2-phase-1-2	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2017	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory, Any setting	1/2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: IDH1 and IDH2 inhibitors in AML: enasidenib, ivosidenib, olutasidenib
ENESTfreedom	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2017	Targeted	Maintenance	2	215	TFR: see trialMilestone: Stopping TKIs: EURO-SKI, ENESTfreedom, ENESTop, DASFREE, label
ENESTop	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2017	Targeted	Maintenance	2	—	TFR: see trialMilestone: Stopping TKIs: EURO-SKI, ENESTfreedom, ENESTop, DASFREE, label
EORTC 26101	Glioblastoma	2017	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	437	OS: median 9.1 vs 8.6 months, HR 0.95 (95% CI 0.74–1.21)Milestone: Adding bevacizumab to lomustine does not extend survival (EORTC 26101)
ESPAC-4	Pancreatic cancer	2017	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	732	OS: median 28 vs 25.5 months, HR 0.82 (95% CI 0.68–0.98)Milestone: ESPAC-4: gemcitabine plus capecitabine as adjuvant therapy
EURO-SKI	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2017	Targeted	Maintenance	—	758	MRFS: see trialMilestone: Stopping TKIs: EURO-SKI, ENESTfreedom, ENESTop, DASFREE, label
FLAURA	Lung cancer	2017	Targeted	Metastatic	3	556	PFS: median 18.9 vs 10.2 months, HR 0.46 (95% CI 0.37–0.57)Milestone: FLAURA: osimertinib versus gefitinib or erlotinib, first line
GALLIUM	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2017	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	3	1,202	PFS: 80% vs 73.3% at 36 mo, HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.51–0.85)Milestone: GALLIUM: obinutuzumab vs rituximab plus chemotherapy in FL (2017)
Göteborg-2⚑ needs review	Prostate cancer	2017	Detection & prevention	Screening, Localised	—	—	Cumulative incidence of prostate cancer: 2.8% vs 4.5%Milestone: MRI before biopsy: PROMIS and PRECISION
HD18	Hodgkin lymphoma	2017	Chemotherapy, Understanding	Locally advanced, Metastatic	3	2,101	PFS: 92.2% vs 90.8% at 60 moMilestone: HD18: PET-2-guided cycles of escalated BEACOPP
hong-kong-ebv-dna-npc-screening⚑ needs review	Head and neck cancer	2017	Detection & prevention	Screening	observational	20,174	Stage I or II at diagnosis: 71% vs 20%Milestone: Plasma EBV DNA tested as a screening test for nasopharyngeal cancer
HR-NBL1/SIOPEN	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2017	Immunotherapy	Maintenance	3	406	EFS: 60% vs 56% at 36 moMilestone: Dinutuximab beta in Europe: authorisation and the IL-2 question
IFM 2009	Multiple myeloma	2017	Cell therapy & transplant, Targeted	Any setting	3	700	PFS: median 50 vs 36 months, HR 0.65Milestone: Transplant with RVD or RVD alone: IFM 2009 and DETERMINATION
ivosidenib-idh1-phase-1	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2017	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory, Any setting	1	258	CR+CRh: see trialMilestone: IDH1 and IDH2 inhibitors in AML: enasidenib, ivosidenib, olutasidenib
JULIET	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2017	Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	2	93	ORR: see trialMilestone: ZUMA-1 and other CD19 CAR T trials in large B-cell lymphoma
KEYNOTE-045	Bladder cancer	2017	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	542	OS: median 10.3 vs 7.4 months, HR 0.73 (95% CI 0.59–0.91)Milestone: KEYNOTE-045: pembrolizumab after platinum in advanced UC
KEYNOTE-052	Bladder cancer	2017	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	2	374	ORR: see trialMilestone: KEYNOTE-045: pembrolizumab after platinum in advanced UC
KEYNOTE-158	Pancreatic cancer	2017	Immunotherapy	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	2	233	ORR: see trialMilestone: MSI-H/dMMR tumours: pancreatic cases within tissue-agnostic evidence
LATITUDE	Prostate cancer	2017	Endocrine	Metastatic	3	1,199	OS: HR 0.62 (95% CI 0.51–0.76)Milestone: Abiraterone with ADT in hormone-sensitive disease (LATITUDE, STAMPEDE)
MAIA	Multiple myeloma	2017	Immunotherapy	Any setting	3	737	PFS: 70.6% vs 55.6% at 30 mo, HR 0.56 (95% CI 0.43–0.73)Milestone: Daratumumab first line without transplant: ALCYONE, MAIA, CEPHEUS
olutasidenib-idh1-phase-1-2	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2017	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory, Any setting	1/2	153	CR+CRh: see trialMilestone: IDH1 and IDH2 inhibitors in AML: enasidenib, ivosidenib, olutasidenib
PACIFIC	Lung cancer	2017	Immunotherapy	Locally advanced	3	713	PFS: median 16.8 vs 5.6 months, HR 0.52 (95% CI 0.42–0.65)Milestone: PACIFIC: durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy, stage III
PRECISION	Prostate cancer	2017	Detection & prevention	Screening, Localised	—	500	Detection of clinically significant prostate cancer: 38% vs 26%Milestone: MRI before biopsy: PROMIS and PRECISION
PROMIS	Prostate cancer	2017	Detection & prevention	Screening, Localised	—	740	Diagnostic sensitivity: 93% vs 48%Milestone: MRI before biopsy: PROMIS and PRECISION
RATIFY	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2017	Targeted	Any setting	3	717	OS: median 74.7 vs 25.6 months, HR 0.78 (95% CI 0.63–0.96)Milestone: RATIFY: midostaurin added to chemotherapy in FLT3-mutated AML
ROAR	Thyroid cancer	2017	Targeted	Locally advanced, Metastatic	2	36	ORR: see trialMilestone: ROAR: dabrafenib plus trametinib for BRAF V600E anaplastic cancer
SARAH	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2017	Radiation, Targeted	Locally advanced	3	467	OS: median 8 vs 9.9 months, HR 1.15 (95% CI 0.94–1.41)Milestone: SARAH and SIRveNIB: no survival gain over sorafenib
SCHOLAR-1⚑ needs review	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2017	Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	observational	636	ORR: see trialMilestone: SCHOLAR-1: outcomes in refractory DLBCL (2017)
SIRveNIB	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2017	Radiation, Targeted	Locally advanced	3	360	OS: median 8.8 vs 10 months, HR 1.1 (95% CI 0.9–1.4)Milestone: SARAH and SIRveNIB: no survival gain over sorafenib
STAMPEDE	Prostate cancer	2017	Endocrine	Metastatic	2/3	1,917	OS: HR 0.63 (95% CI 0.52–0.76)Milestone: Abiraterone with ADT in hormone-sensitive disease (LATITUDE, STAMPEDE)
STHLM3-MRI	Prostate cancer	2017	Detection & prevention	Screening, Localised	—	1,532	Detection of clinically significant prostate cancer: 21% vs 18%Milestone: MRI before biopsy: PROMIS and PRECISION
TRANSCEND NHL 001	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2017	Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	1	269	ORR: see trialMilestone: ZUMA-1 and other CD19 CAR T trials in large B-cell lymphoma
ZUMA-1	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2017	Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	1/2	111	ORR: see trialMilestone: ZUMA-1 and other CD19 CAR T trials in large B-cell lymphoma
AALL0622	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2018	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Any setting	2/3	60	EFS: see trialMilestone: Dasatinib with chemotherapy for Ph-positive ALL
ABC	Melanoma	2018	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	2	79	Intracranial response rate: 46% vs 20%Milestone: Brain metastases: ipilimumab-nivolumab trials (ABC, CheckMate 204)
ACHIEVE	Colorectal cancer	2018	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	1,313	DFS: HR 0.95 (95% CI 0.76–1.20)Milestone: IDEA: 3 versus 6 months of adjuvant oxaliplatin chemotherapy
ADMIRAL	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2018	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	371	OS: median 9.3 vs 5.6 months, HR 0.64 (95% CI 0.49–0.83)Milestone: ADMIRAL: gilteritinib versus salvage chemotherapy, FLT3-mutated AML
ARAMIS	Prostate cancer	2018	Endocrine	Any setting	3	1,509	MFS: median 40.4 vs 18.4 months, HR 0.41 (95% CI 0.34–0.50)Milestone: AR inhibitors and metastasis-free survival in non-metastatic CRPC
AspECT	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2018	Detection & prevention	Screening, Prevention	3	2,557	No results recordedMilestone: Barrett oesophagus: AspECT, BEST3 and BOSS randomised trials
BEST3	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2018	Detection & prevention	Screening, Prevention	—	13,514	No results recordedMilestone: Barrett oesophagus: AspECT, BEST3 and BOSS randomised trials
BOSS	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2018	Detection & prevention	Screening, Prevention	—	3,453	OS: HR 0.95 (95% CI 0.82–1.10)Milestone: Barrett oesophagus: AspECT, BEST3 and BOSS randomised trials
CA180-372/AALL1122	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2018	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Any setting	2	106	EFS: 65.5% vs 49.2% at 36 moMilestone: Dasatinib with chemotherapy for Ph-positive ALL
CARMENA	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2018	Surgery, Targeted	Metastatic	3	450	OS: median 18.4 vs 13.9 months, HR 0.89 (95% CI 0.71–1.10)Milestone: CARMENA and SURTIME question upfront cytoreductive nephrectomy
CASPIAN	Lung cancer	2018	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	805	OS: median 10.4 vs 10.5 months, HR 0.82 (95% CI 0.68–1.00)Milestone: Extensive-stage SCLC: chemotherapy plus atezolizumab or durvalumab
CELESTIAL	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2018	Targeted	Metastatic	3	707	OS: median 10.2 vs 8 months, HR 0.76 (95% CI 0.63–0.92)Milestone: CELESTIAL: cabozantinib after prior systemic therapy
CheckMate 204	Melanoma	2018	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	2	94	Intracranial clinical benefit rate: see trialMilestone: Brain metastases: ipilimumab-nivolumab trials (ABC, CheckMate 204)
CheckMate 214	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2018	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	1,096	OS: 75% vs 60% at 18 mo, HR 0.63Milestone: CheckMate 214: nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib (2018)
CHIPOR	Ovarian cancer	2018	Surgery, Chemotherapy	Perioperative	3	415	OS: median 54.3 vs 45.8 months, HR 0.73 (95% CI 0.56–0.96)Milestone: HIPEC added to interval cytoreductive surgery: OVHIPEC-1
dasatinib-vs-imatinib-china	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2018	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Any setting	3	189	EFS: 71% vs 48.9% at 48 moMilestone: Dasatinib with chemotherapy for Ph-positive ALL
De-ESCALaTE HPV	Head and neck cancer	2018	Targeted, Radiation, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	3	334	OS: 89.4% vs 97.5% at 24 mo, HR 5.0 (95% CI 1.7–14.7)Milestone: Cetuximab worse than cisplatin with radiotherapy, HPV-positive cancer
entrectinib-ntrk-integrated	Thyroid cancer	2018	Targeted	Metastatic	1/2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: NTRK fusions: larotrectinib and entrectinib across tumour types
EORTC 1325/KEYNOTE-054	Melanoma	2018	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	1,019	RFS: 75.4% vs 61% at 12 mo, HR 0.57Milestone: Adjuvant pembrolizumab: EORTC 1325/KEYNOTE-054 (2018)
EORTC 55994	Cervical cancer	2018	Chemotherapy, Surgery, Radiation	Locally advanced	3	626	OS: 72% vs 76% at 60 moMilestone: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy then surgery did not replace chemoradiation
fader-uterine-serous-trastuzumab	Endometrial cancer	2018	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	2	61	PFS: median 12.6 vs 8 months, HR 0.44Milestone: Trastuzumab with chemotherapy in HER2-positive uterine serous cancer
FRESCO	Colorectal cancer	2018	Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	3	416	OS: median 9.3 vs 6.6 months, HR 0.65 (95% CI 0.51–0.83)Milestone: Fruquintinib for refractory metastatic CRC (FRESCO and FRESCO-2)
FRESCO-2	Colorectal cancer	2018	Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	3	691	OS: median 7.4 vs 4.8 months, HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.55–0.80)Milestone: Fruquintinib for refractory metastatic CRC (FRESCO and FRESCO-2)
HOME	Cervical cancer	2018	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	19,851	Screening uptake within 6 months of randomization: 26.3% vs 17.4%Milestone: HPV self-sampling: meta-analysis, mailed kits and FDA actions
HORG	Colorectal cancer	2018	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	1,115	DFS: 77.2% vs 77.9% at 36 mo, HR 1.05 (95% CI 0.61–1.55)Milestone: IDEA: 3 versus 6 months of adjuvant oxaliplatin chemotherapy
IDEA	Colorectal cancer	2018	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	meta-analysis	12,834	DFS: HR 1.07 (95% CI 1.00–1.15)Milestone: IDEA: 3 versus 6 months of adjuvant oxaliplatin chemotherapy
IDEA France	Colorectal cancer	2018	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	2,010	DFS: 72% vs 76% at 36 mo, HR 1.24 (95% CI 1.05–1.46)Milestone: IDEA: 3 versus 6 months of adjuvant oxaliplatin chemotherapy
IMpower133	Lung cancer	2018	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	—	OS: median 12.3 vs 10.3 months, HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.54–0.91)Milestone: Extensive-stage SCLC: chemotherapy plus atezolizumab or durvalumab
KATHERINE	Breast cancer	2018	Antibody–drug conjugate, Targeted	Adjuvant, Neoadjuvant	3	1,486	iDFS: 88.3% vs 77% at 36 mo, HR 0.50 (95% CI 0.39–0.64)Milestone: KATHERINE: T-DM1 for residual disease after neoadjuvant therapy
kerns-2018-cumulative-burden	Testicular germ cell tumors	2018	Supportive care, Chemotherapy	Any setting	observational	1,214	Cumulative burden of morbidity category: see trialMilestone: Cumulative burden of morbidity after cisplatin-based chemotherapy
KEYNOTE-158	Cervical cancer	2018	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	2	98	ORR: see trialMilestone: KEYNOTE-158: pembrolizumab approved for PD-L1-positive disease (2018)
KEYNOTE-224	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2018	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	2	104	ORR: see trialMilestone: Pembrolizumab: KEYNOTE-224, -240 and -394 and the FDA label
KEYNOTE-240	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2018	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	413	OS: median 13.9 vs 10.6 months, HR 0.781 (95% CI 0.611–0.998)Milestone: Pembrolizumab: KEYNOTE-224, -240 and -394 and the FDA label
KEYNOTE-394	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2018	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	453	OS: median 14.6 vs 13 months, HR 0.79 (95% CI 0.63–0.99)Milestone: Pembrolizumab: KEYNOTE-224, -240 and -394 and the FDA label
KOV-HIPEC-01	Ovarian cancer	2018	Surgery, Chemotherapy	Perioperative	—	184	PFS: median 19.8 vs 18.8 monthsMilestone: HIPEC added to interval cytoreductive surgery: OVHIPEC-1
LACC	Cervical cancer	2018	Surgery	Localised	—	631	DFS: 91.2% vs 97.1% at 36 mo, HR 3.74 (95% CI 1.63–8.58)Milestone: LACC: lower survival with minimally invasive radical hysterectomy
larotrectinib-trk-fusion-pooled	Thyroid cancer	2018	Targeted	Metastatic	1/2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: NTRK fusions: larotrectinib and entrectinib across tumour types
NACTcervix	Cervical cancer	2018	Chemotherapy, Surgery, Radiation	Locally advanced	3	635	DFS: 69.3% vs 76.7% at 60 mo, HR 1.38 (95% CI 1.02–1.87)Milestone: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy then surgery did not replace chemoradiation
OpACIN⚑ needs review	Melanoma	2018	Immunotherapy, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	—	20	Pathological response rate: see trialMilestone: Neoadjuvant checkpoint blockade: OpACIN, OpACIN-neo and PRADO
OpACIN-neo	Melanoma	2018	Immunotherapy, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	2	89	Grade 3-4 immune-related adverse events: 20% vs 40%Milestone: Neoadjuvant checkpoint blockade: OpACIN, OpACIN-neo and PRADO
OVHIPEC-1	Ovarian cancer	2018	Surgery, Chemotherapy	Perioperative	3	245	RFS: median 14.2 vs 10.7 months, HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.50–0.87)Milestone: HIPEC added to interval cytoreductive surgery: OVHIPEC-1
PRADO	Melanoma	2018	Immunotherapy, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	2	99	Pathological response rate: see trialMilestone: Neoadjuvant checkpoint blockade: OpACIN, OpACIN-neo and PRADO
PRODIGE 24	Pancreatic cancer	2018	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	493	DFS: median 21.6 vs 12.8 months, HR 0.58 (95% CI 0.46–0.73)Milestone: PRODIGE 24: adjuvant modified FOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine
PROSPER	Prostate cancer	2018	Endocrine	Any setting	3	1,401	MFS: median 36.6 vs 14.7 months, HR 0.29 (95% CI 0.24–0.35)Milestone: AR inhibitors and metastasis-free survival in non-metastatic CRPC
reflect-hcc	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2018	Targeted	Metastatic	3	954	OS: median 13.6 vs 12.3 months, HR 0.92 (95% CI 0.79–1.06)Milestone: REFLECT: lenvatinib non-inferior to sorafenib first line
RELEVANCE	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2018	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	3	1,030	CR rate: 48% vs 53%Milestone: RELEVANCE: rituximab-lenalidomide vs chemoimmunotherapy (2018)
RTOG 1016	Head and neck cancer	2018	Targeted, Radiation, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	3	849	OS: 77.9% vs 84.6% at 60 mo, HR 1.45Milestone: Cetuximab worse than cisplatin with radiotherapy, HPV-positive cancer
SCOT	Colorectal cancer	2018	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	6,088	DFS: 76.7% vs 77.1% at 36 mo, HR 1.006 (95% CI 0.909–1.114)Milestone: IDEA: 3 versus 6 months of adjuvant oxaliplatin chemotherapy
SOLO-1	Ovarian cancer	2018	Targeted	Maintenance	3	391	PFS: 60% vs 27% at 36 mo, HR 0.30 (95% CI 0.23–0.41)Milestone: SOLO-1: first-line olaparib maintenance for BRCA-mutated disease
SPARTAN	Prostate cancer	2018	Endocrine	Any setting	3	1,207	MFS: median 40.5 vs 16.2 months, HR 0.28 (95% CI 0.23–0.35)Milestone: AR inhibitors and metastasis-free survival in non-metastatic CRPC
SURTIME	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2018	Surgery, Targeted	Metastatic	3	99	28-week progression-free rate: 43% vs 42%Milestone: CARMENA and SURTIME question upfront cytoreductive nephrectomy
TOSCA	Colorectal cancer	2018	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	3,759	RFS: HR 1.14 (95% CI 0.99–1.32)Milestone: IDEA: 3 versus 6 months of adjuvant oxaliplatin chemotherapy
venetoclax-hma-phase-1b	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2018	Targeted	Any setting	1	145	CR+CRi: see trialMilestone: Venetoclax with azacitidine for unfit AML (VIALE-A)
VIALE-A	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2018	Targeted	Any setting	3	431	OS: median 14.7 vs 9.6 months, HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.52–0.85)Milestone: Venetoclax with azacitidine for unfit AML (VIALE-A)
VIALE-C	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2018	Targeted	Any setting	3	211	OS: median 7.2 vs 4.1 months, HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.52–1.07)Milestone: Venetoclax with azacitidine for unfit AML (VIALE-A)
ANBL0532	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2019	Cell therapy & transplant, Chemotherapy	Any setting	3	355	EFS: 61.6% vs 48.4% at 36 moMilestone: Tandem vs single autologous transplant in high-risk neuroblastoma
ANNOUNCE	Sarcoma and GIST	2019	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	509	OS: median 20.4 vs 19.7 months, HR 1.05 (95% CI 0.84–1.30)Milestone: Olaratumab: phase 2 survival benefit not confirmed in ANNOUNCE
ARCHES	Prostate cancer	2019	Endocrine	Metastatic	3	1,150	rPFS: HR 0.39 (95% CI 0.3–0.5)Milestone: AR inhibitors with ADT, hormone-sensitive (TITAN, ARCHES, ENZAMET)
ASCEND	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2019	Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	3	310	PFS: 88% vs 68% at 12 mo, HR 0.31 (95% CI 0.20–0.49)Milestone: Acalabrutinib: ELEVATE-TN, ASCEND, ELEVATE-RR
BEACON CRC	Colorectal cancer	2019	Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	3	665	OS: median 9 vs 5.4 months, HR 0.52 (95% CI 0.39–0.70)Milestone: BEACON: encorafenib plus cetuximab for BRAF V600E mCRC
BLC2001	Bladder cancer	2019	Targeted	Metastatic	2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: Erdafitinib for FGFR-altered urothelial cancer: BLC2001 to THOR
CALGB 50303	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2019	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Locally advanced	3	524	PFS: 78.9% vs 75.5% at 24 mo, HR 0.93 (95% CI 0.68–1.27)Milestone: DA-EPOCH-R not better than R-CHOP: CALGB/Alliance 50303 (2019)
CAPItello-291	Breast cancer	2019	Targeted, Endocrine	Metastatic	3	708	PFS: median 7.2 vs 3.6 months, HR 0.60 (95% CI 0.51–0.71)Milestone: PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors after endocrine therapy
CASSIOPEIA	Multiple myeloma	2019	Immunotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Any setting	3	1,085	sCR rate: 29% vs 20%Milestone: Quadruplet induction before transplant: CASSIOPEIA, GRIFFIN, PERSEUS
CeTeG	Glioblastoma	2019	Chemotherapy	Maintenance	3	141	OS: median 48.1 vs 31.4 months, HR 0.60 (95% CI 0.35–1.03)Milestone: Lomustine plus temozolomide in MGMT-methylated glioblastoma (CeTeG)
CLL14	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2019	Targeted, Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	432	PFS: 88.2% vs 64.1% at 24 mo, HR 0.35 (95% CI 0.23–0.53)Milestone: CLL14: fixed-duration venetoclax-obinutuzumab for comorbid patients
DESKTOP III	Ovarian cancer	2019	Surgery, Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	—	407	OS: median 53.7 vs 46 months, HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.59–0.96)Milestone: Secondary cytoreduction at first relapse: GOG-213, SOC-1, DESKTOP III
E1609	Melanoma	2019	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	1,670	OS: HR 0.78Milestone: E1609: adjuvant ipilimumab versus high-dose interferon (2019)
ELEVATE-RR	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2019	Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	3	533	PFS: median 38.4 vs 38.4 months, HR 1.00 (95% CI 0.79–1.27)Milestone: Acalabrutinib: ELEVATE-TN, ASCEND, ELEVATE-RR
ELEVATE-TN	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2019	Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	3	535	PFS: 93% vs 47% at 24 mo, HR 0.10 (95% CI 0.06–0.17)Milestone: Acalabrutinib: ELEVATE-TN, ASCEND, ELEVATE-RR
ENZAMET	Prostate cancer	2019	Endocrine	Metastatic	3	1,125	OS: 67% vs 57% at 60 mo, HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.58–0.84)Milestone: AR inhibitors with ADT, hormone-sensitive (TITAN, ARCHES, ENZAMET)
EV-201	Bladder cancer	2019	Antibody–drug conjugate	Metastatic	2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: Enfortumab vedotin after platinum and PD-1/PD-L1: EV-201, EV-301
EV-301	Bladder cancer	2019	Antibody–drug conjugate	Metastatic	3	608	OS: median 12.88 vs 8.97 months, HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.56–0.89)Milestone: Enfortumab vedotin after platinum and PD-1/PD-L1: EV-201, EV-301
FLOT4-AIO	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2019	Chemotherapy, Surgery	Perioperative	2/3	716	OS: median 50 vs 35 months, HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.63–0.94)Milestone: FLOT4: perioperative FLOT versus ECF/ECX in gastric and GEJ cancer
GMMG-HD7	Multiple myeloma	2019	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory, Any setting	3	660	MRD: 50% vs 36%Milestone: Isatuximab: ICARIA-MM, IKEMA, HD7 and IMROZ
GO29365	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2019	Antibody–drug conjugate, Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	1/2	80	PFS: median 9.5 vs 3.7 months, HR 0.36 (95% CI 0.21–0.63)Milestone: Polatuzumab vedotin with bendamustine-rituximab: FDA 2019
GOG-0213 (surgical objective)	Ovarian cancer	2019	Surgery, Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	485	OS: median 50.6 vs 64.7 months, HR 1.29 (95% CI 0.97–1.72)Milestone: Secondary cytoreduction at first relapse: GOG-213, SOC-1, DESKTOP III
GOG-0252	Ovarian cancer	2019	Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	3	1,560	PFS: HR 0.925 (95% CI 0.802–1.070)Milestone: GOG-252: IP regimens plus bevacizumab, no significant PFS gain
GOG-258	Endometrial cancer	2019	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Adjuvant	3	813	RFS: 59% vs 58% at 60 mo, HR 0.9Milestone: GOG-258: adding radiotherapy to chemotherapy did not extend RFS
GRIFFIN	Multiple myeloma	2019	Immunotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Any setting	2	207	sCR rate: 42.4% vs 32%Milestone: Quadruplet induction before transplant: CASSIOPEIA, GRIFFIN, PERSEUS
HD16	Hodgkin lymphoma	2019	Radiation, Understanding	Localised	3	1,150	PFS: 86.1% vs 93.4% at 60 mo, HR 1.78 (95% CI 1.02–3.12)Milestone: GHSG HD16 and HD17: PET-guided radiotherapy in early stages
HD17	Hodgkin lymphoma	2019	Radiation, Understanding	Localised	3	1,100	PFS: 95.1% vs 97.3% at 60 mo, HR 0.523 (95% CI 0.226–1.211)Milestone: GHSG HD16 and HD17: PET-guided radiotherapy in early stages
ICARIA-MM	Multiple myeloma	2019	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory, Any setting	3	307	PFS: median 11.5 vs 6.5 months, HR 0.596 (95% CI 0.44–0.81)Milestone: Isatuximab: ICARIA-MM, IKEMA, HD7 and IMROZ
IKEMA	Multiple myeloma	2019	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory, Any setting	3	302	PFS: HR 0.53Milestone: Isatuximab: ICARIA-MM, IKEMA, HD7 and IMROZ
IMROZ	Multiple myeloma	2019	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory, Any setting	3	446	PFS: 63.2% vs 45.2% at 60 mo, HR 0.6Milestone: Isatuximab: ICARIA-MM, IKEMA, HD7 and IMROZ
INAVO120	Breast cancer	2019	Targeted, Endocrine	Metastatic	3	325	PFS: median 15 vs 7.3 months, HR 0.43 (95% CI 0.32–0.59)Milestone: PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors after endocrine therapy
KEYNOTE-048⚑ needs review	Head and neck cancer	2019	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	882	OS: median 13 vs 10.7 months, HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.63–0.93)Milestone: KEYNOTE-048: pembrolizumab first line, recurrent or metastatic
KEYNOTE-146	Endometrial cancer	2019	Targeted, Immunotherapy	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	1/2	108	ORR: see trialMilestone: Lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab after platinum: KEYNOTE-146 and -775
KEYNOTE-426	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2019	Immunotherapy, Targeted	Metastatic	3	861	OS: 89.9% vs 78.3% at 12 mo, HR 0.53 (95% CI 0.38–0.74)Milestone: KEYNOTE-426: pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib (2019)
KEYNOTE-775	Endometrial cancer	2019	Targeted, Immunotherapy	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	3	827	PFS: median 6.6 vs 3.8 months, HR 0.60 (95% CI 0.50–0.72)Milestone: Lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab after platinum: KEYNOTE-146 and -775
LION	Ovarian cancer	2019	Surgery	Locally advanced	—	647	OS: median 69.2 vs 65.5 months, HR 1.06 (95% CI 0.83–1.34)Milestone: LION: lymphadenectomy not linked to longer survival
olaratumab-phase-1b-2	Sarcoma and GIST	2019	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	1/2	148	PFS: median 6.6 vs 4.1 months, HR 0.67 (95% CI 0.44–1.02)Milestone: Olaratumab: phase 2 survival benefit not confirmed in ANNOUNCE
ORATOR	Head and neck cancer	2019	Surgery, Radiation	Localised	2	68	Grade 2-5 adverse events: 97% vs 91%Milestone: ORATOR: transoral robotic surgery vs radiotherapy, oropharynx
PAOLA-1	Ovarian cancer	2019	Targeted	Maintenance	3	806	PFS: median 22.1 vs 16.6 months, HR 0.59 (95% CI 0.49–0.72)Milestone: PAOLA-1: olaparib plus bevacizumab maintenance, HRD-positive disease
PERSEUS	Multiple myeloma	2019	Immunotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Any setting	3	709	PFS: 84.3% vs 67.7% at 48 mo, HR 0.42 (95% CI 0.30–0.59)Milestone: Quadruplet induction before transplant: CASSIOPEIA, GRIFFIN, PERSEUS
POLO	Pancreatic cancer	2019	Targeted	Maintenance, Metastatic	3	154	PFS: median 7.4 vs 3.8 months, HR 0.53 (95% CI 0.35–0.82)Milestone: POLO: maintenance olaparib for germline BRCA-mutated disease
PRIMA/ENGOT-OV26/GOG-3012	Ovarian cancer	2019	Targeted	Maintenance	3	733	PFS: median 21.9 vs 10.4 months, HR 0.43 (95% CI 0.31–0.59)Milestone: PRIMA: first-line niraparib maintenance beyond BRCA
REACH	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2019	Targeted	Metastatic	3	565	OS: median 9.2 vs 7.6 months, HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.72–1.05)Milestone: REACH-2: ramucirumab in AFP-selected patients after sorafenib
REACH-2	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2019	Targeted	Metastatic	3	292	OS: median 8.5 vs 7.3 months, HR 0.710 (95% CI 0.531–0.949)Milestone: REACH-2: ramucirumab in AFP-selected patients after sorafenib
SOC-1	Ovarian cancer	2019	Surgery, Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	357	PFS: median 17.4 vs 11.9 months, HR 0.58 (95% CI 0.45–0.74)Milestone: Secondary cytoreduction at first relapse: GOG-213, SOC-1, DESKTOP III
SOLAR-1	Breast cancer	2019	Targeted, Endocrine	Metastatic	3	572	PFS: median 11 vs 5.7 months, HR 0.65 (95% CI 0.50–0.85)Milestone: PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors after endocrine therapy
THOR	Bladder cancer	2019	Targeted	Metastatic	3	—	OS: median 12.1 vs 7.8 months, HR 0.64 (95% CI 0.47–0.88)Milestone: Erdafitinib for FGFR-altered urothelial cancer: BLC2001 to THOR
TITAN	Prostate cancer	2019	Endocrine	Metastatic	3	1,052	rPFS: 68.2% vs 47.5% at 24 mo, HR 0.48 (95% CI 0.39–0.60)Milestone: AR inhibitors with ADT, hormone-sensitive (TITAN, ARCHES, ENZAMET)
VIKTORIA-1⚑ needs review	Breast cancer	2019	Targeted, Endocrine	Metastatic	3	392	PFS: median 9.3 vs 2 months, HR 0.24 (95% CI 0.17–0.35)Milestone: PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors after endocrine therapy
AALL1621	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2020	Antibody–drug conjugate	Relapsed / refractory	2	48	Overall remission rate: see trialMilestone: Inotuzumab ozogamicin for relapsed paediatric CD22+ ALL
ADAURA	Lung cancer	2020	Targeted	Adjuvant	3	682	DFS: 90% vs 44% at 24 mo, HR 0.17Milestone: ADAURA: adjuvant osimertinib after resection
ARROW	Lung cancer	2020	Targeted	Metastatic	1/2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: RET fusion-positive NSCLC: selpercatinib and pralsetinib
ASCENT	Breast cancer	2020	Antibody–drug conjugate	Metastatic	3	529	PFS: median 5.6 vs 1.7 months, HR 0.41 (95% CI 0.32–0.52)Milestone: Sacituzumab govitecan (ASCENT): first TROP-2 ADC in metastatic TNBC
ATLANTIS	Lung cancer	2020	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory, Maintenance	3	613	OS: median 8.6 vs 7.6 months, HR 0.97 (95% CI 0.82–1.15)Milestone: Lurbinectedin in SCLC: 2020 approval, IMforte, 2026 withdrawal
BELLINI	Multiple myeloma	2020	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	291	PFS: median 22.4 vs 11.5 months, HR 0.63 (95% CI 0.44–0.90)Milestone: Venetoclax in myeloma: BELLINI signals harm, CANOVA misses PFS
CANOVA	Multiple myeloma	2020	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	263	PFS: median 9.9 vs 5.8 months, HR 0.823 (95% CI 0.596–1.136)Milestone: Venetoclax in myeloma: BELLINI signals harm, CANOVA misses PFS
CheckMate 143	Glioblastoma	2020	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory, Adjuvant	3	369	OS: median 9.8 vs 10 months, HR 1.04 (95% CI 0.83–1.30)Milestone: Nivolumab phase 3 trials in glioblastoma do not meet their endpoints
CheckMate 498	Glioblastoma	2020	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory, Adjuvant	3	560	OS: median 13.4 vs 14.9 months, HR 1.31 (95% CI 1.09–1.58)Milestone: Nivolumab phase 3 trials in glioblastoma do not meet their endpoints
CheckMate 548	Glioblastoma	2020	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory, Adjuvant	3	716	PFS: median 10.6 vs 10.3 months, HR 1.1 (95% CI 0.9–1.3)Milestone: Nivolumab phase 3 trials in glioblastoma do not meet their endpoints
CLL12	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2020	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Targeted	Localised	3	363	EFS: HR 0.25 (95% CI 0.14–0.43)Milestone: Early treatment of asymptomatic CLL: FCR (CLL7), ibrutinib (CLL12)
CLL7	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2020	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Targeted	Localised	3	800	EFS: HR 0.22 (95% CI 0.15–0.33)Milestone: Early treatment of asymptomatic CLL: FCR (CLL7), ibrutinib (CLL12)
CROWN	Lung cancer	2020	Targeted	Metastatic	3	296	PFS: 78% vs 39% at 12 mo, HR 0.28 (95% CI 0.19–0.41)Milestone: CROWN: lorlatinib first-line, long follow-up
cs-003-nadofaragene	Bladder cancer	2020	Immunotherapy	Localised	3	157	Complete response in carcinoma in situ: see trialMilestone: Nadofaragene firadenovec for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC
DESTINY-Gastric01	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2020	Antibody–drug conjugate	Metastatic	2	187	OS: median 12.5 vs 8.4 months, HR 0.59 (95% CI 0.39–0.88)Milestone: Trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-positive gastric cancer
DESTINY-Gastric04	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2020	Antibody–drug conjugate	Metastatic	3	494	OS: median 14.7 vs 11.4 months, HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.55–0.90)Milestone: Trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-positive gastric cancer
GARNET	Endometrial cancer	2020	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	1	104	ORR: see trialMilestone: GARNET: dostarlimab in recurrent dMMR endometrial cancer
garrel-sentinel-node-vs-neck-dissection	Head and neck cancer	2020	Surgery	Localised	3	307	Neck node recurrence-free survival: 90.7% vs 89.6% at 24 moMilestone: Sentinel-node strategy vs neck dissection in early oral cancer
GEOMETRY mono-1	Lung cancer	2020	Targeted	Metastatic	2	364	ORR: see trialMilestone: MET exon 14 skipping: capmatinib and tepotinib
IMbrave150	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2020	Immunotherapy, Targeted	Metastatic	3	501	OS: 67.2% vs 54.6% at 12 mo, HR 0.58 (95% CI 0.42–0.79)Milestone: IMbrave150: atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus sorafenib
IMforte	Lung cancer	2020	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory, Maintenance	3	483	PFS: HR 0.54 (95% CI 0.43–0.67)Milestone: Lurbinectedin in SCLC: 2020 approval, IMforte, 2026 withdrawal
INVICTUS	Sarcoma and GIST	2020	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory, Metastatic	3	129	PFS: median 6.3 vs 1 months, HR 0.15 (95% CI 0.09–0.25)Milestone: Avapritinib (PDGFRA exon 18) and ripretinib (fourth line)
ITCC-059	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2020	Antibody–drug conjugate	Relapsed / refractory	1	25	Overall remission rate: see trialMilestone: Inotuzumab ozogamicin for relapsed paediatric CD22+ ALL
JAVELIN Bladder 100	Bladder cancer	2020	Immunotherapy	Maintenance	3	700	OS: median 21.4 vs 14.3 months, HR 0.69 (95% CI 0.56–0.86)Milestone: JAVELIN Bladder 100: avelumab maintenance after chemotherapy
KEYNOTE-057⚑ needs review	Bladder cancer	2020	Immunotherapy	Localised	2	101	Complete response in carcinoma in situ: see trialMilestone: KEYNOTE-057: pembrolizumab for BCG-unresponsive CIS
KEYNOTE-177	Colorectal cancer	2020	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	307	PFS: median 16.5 vs 8.2 months, HR 0.60 (95% CI 0.45–0.80)Milestone: KEYNOTE-177: pembrolizumab first-line for MSI-H/dMMR metastatic CRC
KEYNOTE-522	Breast cancer	2020	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Neoadjuvant, Adjuvant, Perioperative	3	1,174	pCR: 64.8% vs 51.2%Milestone: KEYNOTE-522: pembrolizumab added to chemotherapy in early TNBC
LIBRETTO-001	Thyroid cancer	2020	Targeted	Metastatic	1/2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: Selpercatinib in RET-altered thyroid cancer (LIBRETTO-001)
LIBRETTO-001	Lung cancer	2020	Targeted	Metastatic	1/2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: RET fusion-positive NSCLC: selpercatinib and pralsetinib
LIBRETTO-431	Lung cancer	2020	Targeted	Metastatic	3	261	PFS: median 24.8 vs 11.2 months, HR 0.46 (95% CI 0.31–0.70)Milestone: RET fusion-positive NSCLC: selpercatinib and pralsetinib
lurbinectedin-sclc-basket	Lung cancer	2020	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory, Maintenance	2	105	ORR: see trialMilestone: Lurbinectedin in SCLC: 2020 approval, IMforte, 2026 withdrawal
monarchE	Breast cancer	2020	Targeted, Endocrine	Adjuvant	3	5,637	OS: 86.8% vs 85% at 84 mo, HR 0.842 (95% CI 0.722–0.981)Milestone: Adjuvant CDK4/6 inhibition: monarchE and NATALEE
NATALEE	Breast cancer	2020	Targeted, Endocrine	Adjuvant	3	5,101	iDFS: 90.4% vs 87.1% at 36 mo, HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.62–0.91)Milestone: Adjuvant CDK4/6 inhibition: monarchE and NATALEE
NAVIGATOR	Sarcoma and GIST	2020	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory, Metastatic	1	82	ORR: see trialMilestone: Avapritinib (PDGFRA exon 18) and ripretinib (fourth line)
NELSON⚑ needs review	Lung cancer	2020	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	—	Adherence to CT screening: see trialMilestone: NELSON: volume-CT screening and lung-cancer mortality
PREOPANC	Pancreatic cancer	2020	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	3	246	OS: median 16 vs 14.3 months, HR 0.78 (95% CI 0.58–1.05)Milestone: PREOPANC: preoperative chemoradiotherapy versus immediate surgery
PROfound	Prostate cancer	2020	Targeted	Metastatic	3	387	rPFS: median 7.4 vs 3.6 months, HR 0.34 (95% CI 0.25–0.47)Milestone: PARP inhibitors for HRR-altered mCRPC (PROfound, TRITON)
proPSMA	Prostate cancer	2020	Understanding	Localised	—	302	Diagnostic accuracy: 92% vs 65%Milestone: PSMA PET-CT before curative-intent treatment (proPSMA)
QUAZAR AML-001	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2020	Chemotherapy	Maintenance	3	472	OS: median 24.7 vs 14.8 monthsMilestone: QUAZAR: oral azacitidine maintenance after first remission
RAPIDO	Colorectal cancer	2020	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Neoadjuvant, Locally advanced	3	920	Disease-related treatment failure: 23.7% vs 30.4% at 36 mo, HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.60–0.95)Milestone: Total neoadjuvant therapy: RAPIDO and PRODIGE 23
STRASS	Sarcoma and GIST	2020	Radiation, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	3	266	Abdominal recurrence-free survival: median 4.5 vs 5 years, HR 1.01 (95% CI 0.71–1.44)Milestone: STRASS: preoperative radiotherapy in retroperitoneal sarcoma
Study 201	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2020	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	2	74	ORR: see trialMilestone: Naxitamab: accelerated approval for relapsed or refractory disease
TRITON2	Prostate cancer	2020	Targeted	Metastatic	2	115	ORR: see trialMilestone: PARP inhibitors for HRR-altered mCRPC (PROfound, TRITON)
TRITON3	Prostate cancer	2020	Targeted	Metastatic	3	405	rPFS: median 11.2 vs 6.4 months, HR 0.50 (95% CI 0.36–0.69)Milestone: PARP inhibitors for HRR-altered mCRPC (PROfound, TRITON)
UNICANCER-PRODIGE 23	Colorectal cancer	2020	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Neoadjuvant, Locally advanced	3	461	DFS: 76% vs 69% at 36 mo, HR 0.69 (95% CI 0.49–0.97)Milestone: Total neoadjuvant therapy: RAPIDO and PRODIGE 23
VISION	Lung cancer	2020	Targeted	Metastatic	2	152	ORR: see trialMilestone: MET exon 14 skipping: capmatinib and tepotinib
AALL0932	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2021	Chemotherapy	Maintenance	3	—	DFS: 95.1% vs 94.1% at 60 moMilestone: Fewer vincristine and dexamethasone pulses in standard risk
AALL1331	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2021	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	3	208	DFS: 54.4% vs 39% at 24 mo, HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.47–1.03)Milestone: Blinatumomab versus chemotherapy in first relapse of B-ALL
amgen-20120215	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2021	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	3	108	EFS: HR 0.33 (95% CI 0.18–0.61)Milestone: Blinatumomab versus chemotherapy in first relapse of B-ALL
ASCEMBL	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2021	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	233	MMR: 25.5% vs 13.2%Milestone: Asciminib approved after ASCEMBL versus bosutinib
ATTRACTION-4	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	2/3	724	PFS: median 10.45 vs 8.34 months, HR 0.68Milestone: First-line PD-1 plus chemotherapy in HER2-negative gastric cancer
Beamion LUNG-1	Lung cancer	2021	Antibody–drug conjugate, Targeted	Metastatic	1	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: HER2-mutant NSCLC: trastuzumab deruxtecan and oral TKIs
BELINDA	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2021	Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	3	322	EFS: median 3 vs 3 months, HR 1.07 (95% CI 0.82–1.40)Milestone: BELINDA: tisagenlecleucel not superior in second line (2021)
CAPTAIN-1st	Head and neck cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	263	PFS: median 9.7 vs 6.9 months, HR 0.54 (95% CI 0.39–0.76)Milestone: PD-1 antibodies added to gemcitabine-cisplatin in first-line NPC
CARTITUDE-1	Multiple myeloma	2021	Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	1/2	113	ORR: see trialMilestone: BCMA CAR T cells: ide-cel and cilta-cel, from KarMMa to CARTITUDE-4
CARTITUDE-4	Multiple myeloma	2021	Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	3	419	PFS: 75.9% vs 48.6% at 12 mo, HR 0.26 (95% CI 0.18–0.38)Milestone: BCMA CAR T cells: ide-cel and cilta-cel, from KarMMa to CARTITUDE-4
CDRB436G2201 (high-grade glioma cohort)	Glioblastoma	2021	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	41	ORR: see trialMilestone: Dabrafenib plus trametinib for BRAF V600E-mutant glioma
CDRB436G2201 (low-grade glioma cohort)	Glioblastoma	2021	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	110	PFS: median 20.1 vs 7.4 months, HR 0.31 (95% CI 0.17–0.55)Milestone: Dabrafenib plus trametinib for BRAF V600E-mutant glioma
CheckMate 274⚑ needs review	Bladder cancer	2021	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	709	DFS: median 20.8 vs 10.8 months, HR 0.7Milestone: CheckMate 274: adjuvant nivolumab after radical surgery
CheckMate 459	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2021	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	743	OS: median 16.4 vs 14.7 months, HR 0.85 (95% CI 0.72–1.02)Milestone: CheckMate 459 and withdrawal of nivolumab's HCC indication
CheckMate 577	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2021	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	794	DFS: median 22.4 vs 11 months, HR 0.69Milestone: CheckMate 577: adjuvant nivolumab after chemoradiotherapy and surgery
CheckMate 648	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	970	OS: median 15.4 vs 9.1 months, HR 0.54Milestone: First-line PD-1 therapy: KEYNOTE-590 and CheckMate 648
CheckMate 649	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	1,581	OS: median 14.4 vs 11.1 months, HR 0.71Milestone: First-line PD-1 plus chemotherapy in HER2-negative gastric cancer
CheckMate 76K	Melanoma	2021	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	790	RFS: 89% vs 79.4% at 12 mo, HR 0.42 (95% CI 0.30–0.59)Milestone: Adjuvant therapy in stage IIB/IIC: KEYNOTE-716 and CheckMate 76K
CheckMate 9ER	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2021	Immunotherapy, Targeted	Metastatic	3	651	PFS: median 16.6 vs 8.3 months, HR 0.51 (95% CI 0.41–0.64)Milestone: CheckMate 9ER: nivolumab plus cabozantinib versus sunitinib (2021)
CHRYSALIS	Lung cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	1	81	ORR: see trialMilestone: EGFR exon 20 insertions: amivantamab, CHRYSALIS to PAPILLON
CLEAR	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2021	Immunotherapy, Targeted	Metastatic	3	1,069	PFS: median 23.9 vs 9.2 months, HR 0.39 (95% CI 0.32–0.49)Milestone: CLEAR: lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab versus sunitinib (2021)
CodeBreaK 100	Lung cancer	2021	Targeted	Metastatic	1/2	126	ORR: see trialMilestone: KRAS G12C inhibitors: sotorasib and adagrasib
CodeBreaK 200	Lung cancer	2021	Targeted	Metastatic	3	345	PFS: median 5.6 vs 4.5 months, HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.51–0.86)Milestone: KRAS G12C inhibitors: sotorasib and adagrasib
copanlisib-phase-2-indolent	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2021	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	142	ORR: see trialMilestone: PI3K inhibitors in FL: accelerated approvals withdrawn (2021-2024)
COSMIC-311	Thyroid cancer	2021	Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	3	187	ORR: 15% vs 0%Milestone: COSMIC-311: cabozantinib after prior VEGFR therapy in DTC
DELTA	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2021	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	125	ORR: see trialMilestone: PI3K inhibitors in FL: accelerated approvals withdrawn (2021-2024)
DESTINY-Lung01	Lung cancer	2021	Antibody–drug conjugate, Targeted	Metastatic	2	91	ORR: see trialMilestone: HER2-mutant NSCLC: trastuzumab deruxtecan and oral TKIs
DUO	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2021	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	319	PFS: median 13.3 vs 9.9 months, HR 0.52Milestone: PI3K inhibitors: CLL approvals, lymphoma indications withdrawn
durvalumab-phase-1-2-urothelial	Bladder cancer	2021	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	1/2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: Atezolizumab and durvalumab urothelial indications withdrawn
DYNAMO	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2021	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	129	ORR: see trialMilestone: PI3K inhibitors in FL: accelerated approvals withdrawn (2021-2024)
ELARA	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2021	Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	2	98	CR rate: see trialMilestone: ZUMA-5: axicabtagene ciloleucel in relapsed follicular lymphoma (2021)
ESCUDDO	Cervical cancer	2021	Detection & prevention	Prevention	—	20,330	No results recordedMilestone: Fewer HPV vaccine doses: India, KEN SHE and ESCUDDO (2021-2025)
fossa-2022-psychosocial-mortality	Testicular germ cell tumors	2021	Supportive care, Chemotherapy, Radiation	Any setting	observational	775	Cumulative overall mortality: see trialMilestone: Non-testicular-cancer mortality in long-term survivors (cisplatin era)
hellesnes-2021-non-tc-mortality	Testicular germ cell tumors	2021	Supportive care, Chemotherapy, Radiation	Any setting	observational	5,707	Non-testicular-cancer mortality: HR 1.47 (95% CI 0.91–2.39)Milestone: Non-testicular-cancer mortality in long-term survivors (cisplatin era)
iarc-india-hpv-dose-cohort	Cervical cancer	2021	Detection & prevention	Prevention	—	—	No results recordedMilestone: Fewer HPV vaccine doses: India, KEN SHE and ESCUDDO (2021-2025)
idelalisib-rituximab-cll	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2021	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	220	PFS: HR 0.15Milestone: PI3K inhibitors: CLL approvals, lymphoma indications withdrawn
igcccg-update-2021-nsgct	Testicular germ cell tumors	2021	Understanding	Metastatic	observational	9,728	OS: 89% vs 96% at 60 moMilestone: IGCCCG Update: modern survival estimates and refined prognosis
igcccg-update-2021-seminoma	Testicular germ cell tumors	2021	Understanding	Metastatic	observational	2,451	OS: 88% vs 95% at 60 moMilestone: IGCCCG Update: modern survival estimates and refined prognosis
IMagyn050	Ovarian cancer	2021	Immunotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic, Maintenance	3	1,301	PFS: median 19.5 vs 18.4 months, HR 0.92 (95% CI 0.79–1.07)Milestone: First-line PD-L1 blockade: IMagyn050 and JAVELIN Ovarian 100
IMCgp100-202	Melanoma	2021	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	378	OS: 73% vs 59% at 12 mo, HR 0.51 (95% CI 0.37–0.71)Milestone: Tebentafusp: survival benefit in metastatic uveal melanoma (2021)
IMpassion130⚑ needs review	Breast cancer	2021	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	902	PFS: median 7.2 vs 5.5 months, HR 0.80 (95% CI 0.69–0.92)Milestone: Atezolizumab in PD-L1+ metastatic TNBC: approval, then withdrawal
IMpassion131	Breast cancer	2021	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	651	PFS: median 6 vs 5.7 months, HR 0.82 (95% CI 0.60–1.12)Milestone: Atezolizumab in PD-L1+ metastatic TNBC: approval, then withdrawal
IMpower010⚑ needs review	Lung cancer	2021	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	1,005	DFS: HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.50–0.88)Milestone: Adjuvant PD-(L)1 after resection: IMpower010 and PEARLS
IMvigor210	Bladder cancer	2021	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: Atezolizumab and durvalumab urothelial indications withdrawn
IMvigor211	Bladder cancer	2021	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	931	OS: median 11.1 vs 10.6 months, HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.63–1.21)Milestone: Atezolizumab and durvalumab urothelial indications withdrawn
IMvoke010	Head and neck cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Targeted, Chemotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced, Adjuvant	3	406	EFS: median 59.5 vs 52.7 months, HR 0.94 (95% CI 0.70–1.26)Milestone: Four add-ons to definitive head and neck treatment show no benefit
innovaTV 204	Cervical cancer	2021	Antibody–drug conjugate	Metastatic	2	102	ORR: see trialMilestone: Tisotumab vedotin: accelerated approval 2021, then innovaTV 301
innovaTV 301	Cervical cancer	2021	Antibody–drug conjugate	Metastatic	3	502	OS: median 11.5 vs 9.5 months, HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.54–0.89)Milestone: Tisotumab vedotin: accelerated approval 2021, then innovaTV 301
JAVELIN Head and Neck 100	Head and neck cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Targeted, Chemotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced, Adjuvant	3	697	PFS: HR 1.21 (95% CI 0.93–1.57)Milestone: Four add-ons to definitive head and neck treatment show no benefit
JAVELIN Ovarian 100	Ovarian cancer	2021	Immunotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic, Maintenance	3	998	PFS: median 16.8 months, HR 1.43 (95% CI 1.05–1.95)Milestone: First-line PD-L1 blockade: IMagyn050 and JAVELIN Ovarian 100
JUPITER-02⚑ needs review	Head and neck cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	289	PFS: median 11.7 vs 8 months, HR 0.52 (95% CI 0.36–0.74)Milestone: PD-1 antibodies added to gemcitabine-cisplatin in first-line NPC
KarMMa	Multiple myeloma	2021	Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	2	140	ORR: see trialMilestone: BCMA CAR T cells: ide-cel and cilta-cel, from KarMMa to CARTITUDE-4
KarMMa-3	Multiple myeloma	2021	Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	3	386	PFS: median 13.3 vs 4.4 months, HR 0.49 (95% CI 0.38–0.65)Milestone: BCMA CAR T cells: ide-cel and cilta-cel, from KarMMa to CARTITUDE-4
KEN SHE	Cervical cancer	2021	Detection & prevention	Prevention	—	2,275	No results recordedMilestone: Fewer HPV vaccine doses: India, KEN SHE and ESCUDDO (2021-2025)
KEYNOTE-062	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	763	OS: median 10.6 vs 11.1 months, HR 0.91Milestone: First-line PD-1 plus chemotherapy in HER2-negative gastric cancer
KEYNOTE-355	Breast cancer	2021	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	847	PFS: median 9.7 vs 5.6 months, HR 0.65 (95% CI 0.49–0.86)Milestone: Atezolizumab in PD-L1+ metastatic TNBC: approval, then withdrawal
KEYNOTE-412	Head and neck cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Targeted, Chemotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced, Adjuvant	3	804	EFS: HR 0.83 (95% CI 0.68–1.03)Milestone: Four add-ons to definitive head and neck treatment show no benefit
KEYNOTE-564	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2021	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	994	DFS: 77.3% vs 68.1% at 24 mo, HR 0.68 (95% CI 0.53–0.87)Milestone: KEYNOTE-564: adjuvant pembrolizumab after nephrectomy (2021)
KEYNOTE-590	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	749	OS: median 13.9 vs 8.8 months, HR 0.57 (95% CI 0.43–0.75)Milestone: First-line PD-1 therapy: KEYNOTE-590 and CheckMate 648
KEYNOTE-716	Melanoma	2021	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	976	RFS: HR 0.65 (95% CI 0.46–0.92)Milestone: Adjuvant therapy in stage IIB/IIC: KEYNOTE-716 and CheckMate 76K
KEYNOTE-811	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Targeted, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	698	ORR: 74.4% vs 51.9%Milestone: KEYNOTE-811: pembrolizumab plus trastuzumab and chemotherapy
KEYNOTE-826	Cervical cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	617	PFS: median 10.4 vs 8.2 months, HR 0.62 (95% CI 0.50–0.77)Milestone: KEYNOTE-826: pembrolizumab added to first-line chemotherapy
KEYNOTE-859	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	1,579	OS: median 12.9 vs 11.5 months, HR 0.78 (95% CI 0.70–0.87)Milestone: First-line PD-1 plus chemotherapy in HER2-negative gastric cancer
KRYSTAL-1	Lung cancer	2021	Targeted	Metastatic	1/2	116	ORR: see trialMilestone: KRAS G12C inhibitors: sotorasib and adagrasib
KRYSTAL-12	Lung cancer	2021	Targeted	Metastatic	3	453	PFS: median 5.5 vs 3.8 months, HR 0.58 (95% CI 0.45–0.76)Milestone: KRAS G12C inhibitors: sotorasib and adagrasib
LITESPARK-004	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2021	Targeted	Any setting	2	61	ORR: see trialMilestone: Belzutifan for VHL disease-associated tumours (LITESPARK-004)
LN-144	Melanoma	2021	Cell therapy & transplant	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	2	66	ORR: see trialMilestone: Lifileucel: from phase 2 to FDA accelerated approval (2024)
OlympiA	Breast cancer	2021	Targeted	Adjuvant	3	1,836	iDFS: 85.9% vs 77.1% at 36 mo, HR 0.58Milestone: OlympiA: one year of adjuvant olaparib for germline BRCA carriers
PAPILLON	Lung cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	308	PFS: median 11.4 vs 6.7 months, HR 0.40 (95% CI 0.30–0.53)Milestone: EGFR exon 20 insertions: amivantamab, CHRYSALIS to PAPILLON
PEARLS	Lung cancer	2021	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	1,177	DFS: median 53.6 vs 42 months, HR 0.76 (95% CI 0.63–0.91)Milestone: Adjuvant PD-(L)1 after resection: IMpower010 and PEARLS
POLARIX	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2021	Antibody–drug conjugate, Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	3	879	PFS: 76.7% vs 70.2% at 24 mo, HR 0.73 (95% CI 0.57–0.95)Milestone: POLARIX: polatuzumab vedotin with R-CHP vs R-CHOP (2021)
PRODIGE 7	Colorectal cancer	2021	Surgery, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	265	OS: median 41.7 vs 41.2 months, HR 1Milestone: PRODIGE 7: HIPEC added to cytoreductive surgery (peritoneal CRC)
RATIONALE-305	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	997	OS: median 17.2 vs 12.6 months, HR 0.74 (95% CI 0.59–0.94)Milestone: First-line PD-1 plus chemotherapy in HER2-negative gastric cancer
RATIONALE-309	Head and neck cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	263	PFS: HR 0.52 (95% CI 0.38–0.73)Milestone: PD-1 antibodies added to gemcitabine-cisplatin in first-line NPC
ROAR	Glioblastoma	2021	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	58	ORR: see trialMilestone: Dabrafenib plus trametinib for BRAF V600E-mutant glioma
SOHO-01	Lung cancer	2021	Antibody–drug conjugate, Targeted	Metastatic	1/2	209	ORR: see trialMilestone: HER2-mutant NSCLC: trastuzumab deruxtecan and oral TKIs
TheraP	Prostate cancer	2021	Radiation	Metastatic	2	200	PSA response rate: 66% vs 37%Milestone: 177Lu-PSMA-617 for PSMA-positive mCRPC (VISION, TheraP)
TRANSFORM	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2021	Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	3	184	EFS: median 10.1 vs 2.3 months, HR 0.35 (95% CI 0.23–0.53)Milestone: ZUMA-7 and TRANSFORM: CAR T cells vs salvage plus transplant
TrilynX	Head and neck cancer	2021	Immunotherapy, Targeted, Chemotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced, Adjuvant	3	730	EFS: median 19.4 vs 33.1 months, HR 1.33 (95% CI 1.05–1.67)Milestone: Four add-ons to definitive head and neck treatment show no benefit
UNITY-NHL	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2021	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	208	ORR: see trialMilestone: PI3K inhibitors in FL: accelerated approvals withdrawn (2021-2024)
VISION	Prostate cancer	2021	Radiation	Metastatic	3	831	rPFS: median 8.7 vs 3.4 months, HR 0.4Milestone: 177Lu-PSMA-617 for PSMA-positive mCRPC (VISION, TheraP)
ZUMA-5	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2021	Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	2	153	ORR: see trialMilestone: ZUMA-5: axicabtagene ciloleucel in relapsed follicular lymphoma (2021)
ZUMA-7	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2021	Cell therapy & transplant	Relapsed / refractory	3	359	EFS: median 8.3 vs 2 months, HR 0.40 (95% CI 0.31–0.51)Milestone: ZUMA-7 and TRANSFORM: CAR T cells vs salvage plus transplant
AHOD1331	Hodgkin lymphoma	2022	Antibody–drug conjugate, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic	3	600	EFS: 92.1% vs 82.5% at 36 mo, HR 0.41 (95% CI 0.25–0.67)Milestone: AHOD1331: brentuximab vedotin in pediatric high-risk HL
ALPINE	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2022	Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	3	652	ORR: 78.3% vs 62.5%Milestone: Zanubrutinib: SEQUOIA and the ALPINE head-to-head with ibrutinib
APACT	Pancreatic cancer	2022	Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	866	DFS: median 19.4 vs 18.8 months, HR 0.880 (95% CI 0.729–1.063)Milestone: APACT: adjuvant nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine, DFS not met
ARASENS	Prostate cancer	2022	Endocrine, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	1,306	OS: HR 0.68 (95% CI 0.57–0.80)Milestone: Triplet therapy: ADT, docetaxel and an AR inhibitor (ARASENS, PEACE-1)
ARIEL4	Ovarian cancer	2022	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	349	PFS: median 7.4 vs 5.7 months, HR 0.64 (95% CI 0.49–0.84)Milestone: PARP inhibitor later-line ovarian indications withdrawn (2022)
CALGB 140503	Lung cancer	2022	Surgery	Localised	3	697	DFS: 63.6% vs 64.1% at 60 mo, HR 1.01Milestone: Segmentectomy and sublobar resection vs lobectomy (2022-2023)
CheckMate 651	Head and neck cancer	2022	Immunotherapy, Targeted	Metastatic	3	947	OS: median 13.9 vs 13.5 months, HR 0.95Milestone: First-line immunotherapy combinations: no overall survival gain
CheckMate 816	Lung cancer	2022	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	3	358	EFS: median 31.6 vs 20.8 months, HR 0.63Milestone: CheckMate 816: neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy
CheckMate 914	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2022	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant, Perioperative	3	816	DFS: HR 0.92 (95% CI 0.71–1.19)Milestone: Adjuvant checkpoint trials: IMmotion010, CheckMate 914, PROSPER
CodeBreaK 100	Pancreatic cancer	2022	Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	1/2	38	ORR: see trialMilestone: KRAS G12C inhibitors in the small G12C-mutated subset
CodeBreaK 300⚑ needs review	Colorectal cancer	2022	Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	3	160	PFS: median 5.6 vs 2.2 months, HR 0.49 (95% CI 0.3–0.8)Milestone: KRAS G12C inhibitors with anti-EGFR antibodies
D0810C00042	Ovarian cancer	2022	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	298	ORR: see trialMilestone: PARP inhibitor later-line ovarian indications withdrawn (2022)
DESTINY-Breast03	Breast cancer	2022	Antibody–drug conjugate, Targeted	Metastatic	3	524	PFS: 75.8% vs 34.1% at 12 mo, HR 0.28 (95% CI 0.22–0.37)Milestone: DESTINY-Breast03: T-DXd versus T-DM1 in HER2-positive disease
DESTINY-Breast04	Breast cancer	2022	Antibody–drug conjugate, Targeted, Understanding	Metastatic	3	557	PFS: median 10.1 vs 5.4 months, HR 0.51Milestone: T-DXd in HER2-low breast cancer (DESTINY-Breast04, -06)
DESTINY-Breast06	Breast cancer	2022	Antibody–drug conjugate, Targeted, Understanding	Metastatic	3	866	PFS: median 13.2 vs 8.1 months, HR 0.62 (95% CI 0.52–0.75)Milestone: T-DXd in HER2-low breast cancer (DESTINY-Breast04, -06)
dostarlimab-dmmr-rectal-phase2	Colorectal cancer	2022	Immunotherapy	Neoadjuvant, Locally advanced	2	—	Clinical complete response: see trialMilestone: Dostarlimab alone for mismatch repair-deficient rectal cancer
DREAMseq	Melanoma	2022	Immunotherapy, Targeted	Metastatic	3	265	OS: see trialMilestone: Sequencing in BRAF-mutant disease: DREAMseq, SECOMBIT and EBIN
DYNAMIC	Colorectal cancer	2022	Chemotherapy, Understanding	Adjuvant	—	455	RFS: 93.5% vs 92.4% at 24 moMilestone: DYNAMIC: ctDNA-guided adjuvant therapy in stage II colon cancer
DYNAMIC-III	Colorectal cancer	2022	Chemotherapy, Understanding	Adjuvant	2/3	968	RFS: 85.3% vs 88.1% at 36 moMilestone: DYNAMIC: ctDNA-guided adjuvant therapy in stage II colon cancer
EBIN	Melanoma	2022	Immunotherapy, Targeted	Metastatic	2	271	PFS: median 9 vs 9 monthsMilestone: Sequencing in BRAF-mutant disease: DREAMseq, SECOMBIT and EBIN
EMERALD⚑ needs review	Breast cancer	2022	Endocrine	Metastatic	3	477	PFS: HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.55–0.88)Milestone: Elacestrant: the first oral SERD (EMERALD)
EMPOWER-Cervical 1	Cervical cancer	2022	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	608	OS: median 12 vs 8.5 months, HR 0.69 (95% CI 0.56–0.84)Milestone: EMPOWER-Cervical 1: cemiplimab versus chemotherapy after platinum
EPCORE FL-1	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2022	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	488	PFS: 85.5% vs 40.2% at 16 mo, HR 0.21 (95% CI 0.14–0.31)Milestone: Mosunetuzumab and epcoritamab in relapsed follicular lymphoma
EPCORE NHL-1	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2022	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	1/2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: Mosunetuzumab and epcoritamab in relapsed follicular lymphoma
EPCORE NHL-1	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2022	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	1/2	157	ORR: see trialMilestone: Glofitamab and epcoritamab in relapsed DLBCL (2022-2023)
ESTIMABL2	Thyroid cancer	2022	Surgery, Radiation	Adjuvant	3	776	Composite event-free rate: 95.6% vs 95.9%Milestone: ESTIMABL2 and IoN: low-risk thyroid cancer without radioiodine
GAIA	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2022	Targeted, Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	926	PFS: 90.5% vs 75.5% at 36 mo, HR 0.32Milestone: Fixed-duration combinations: GLOW and CLL13 (GAIA)
glofitamab-phase-1-2-dlbcl	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2022	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	1/2	155	CR rate: see trialMilestone: Glofitamab and epcoritamab in relapsed DLBCL (2022-2023)
GLOW	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2022	Targeted, Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	211	PFS: HR 0.216 (95% CI 0.131–0.357)Milestone: Fixed-duration combinations: GLOW and CLL13 (GAIA)
GOG 281/LOGS	Ovarian cancer	2022	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2/3	260	PFS: median 13 vs 7.2 months, HR 0.48 (95% CI 0.36–0.64)Milestone: Low-grade serous disease: MEK inhibition (GOG 281, RAMP 201)
HIMALAYA	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2022	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	1,171	OS: median 16.43 vs 13.77 months, HR 0.78Milestone: HIMALAYA: tremelimumab plus durvalumab (STRIDE) versus sorafenib
IMmotion010	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2022	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant, Perioperative	3	778	DFS: median 57.2 vs 49.5 months, HR 0.93 (95% CI 0.75–1.15)Milestone: Adjuvant checkpoint trials: IMmotion010, CheckMate 914, PROSPER
INDUCE-3	Head and neck cancer	2022	Immunotherapy, Targeted	Metastatic	2/3	315	OS: HR 1.51 (95% CI 0.99–2.29)Milestone: First-line immunotherapy combinations: no overall survival gain
IoN	Thyroid cancer	2022	Surgery, Radiation	Adjuvant	3	504	RFS: 97.9% vs 96.3% at 60 moMilestone: ESTIMABL2 and IoN: low-risk thyroid cancer without radioiodine
JAVELIN Gastric 100	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2022	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	499	OS: median 10.4 vs 10.9 months, HR 0.91 (95% CI 0.74–1.11)Milestone: Later-line pembrolizumab in gastric cancer: approved, then withdrawn
JCOG0802/WJOG4607L	Lung cancer	2022	Surgery	Localised	3	1,106	OS: 94.3% vs 91.1% at 60 mo, HR 0.663 (95% CI 0.474–0.927)Milestone: Segmentectomy and sublobar resection vs lobectomy (2022-2023)
KESTREL	Head and neck cancer	2022	Immunotherapy, Targeted	Metastatic	3	—	OS: median 10.9 vs 10.9 months, HR 0.96 (95% CI 0.69–1.32)Milestone: First-line immunotherapy combinations: no overall survival gain
KEYNOTE-059	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2022	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	2	259	ORR: see trialMilestone: Later-line pembrolizumab in gastric cancer: approved, then withdrawn
KEYNOTE-061	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2022	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	592	OS: median 9.1 vs 8.3 months, HR 0.82 (95% CI 0.66–1.03)Milestone: Later-line pembrolizumab in gastric cancer: approved, then withdrawn
KRYSTAL-1	Colorectal cancer	2022	Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	1/2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: KRAS G12C inhibitors with anti-EGFR antibodies
KRYSTAL-1	Pancreatic cancer	2022	Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	1/2	63	ORR: see trialMilestone: KRAS G12C inhibitors in the small G12C-mutated subset
LEAP-010	Head and neck cancer	2022	Immunotherapy, Targeted	Metastatic	3	511	PFS: median 6.2 vs 2.8 months, HR 0.64 (95% CI 0.50–0.81)Milestone: First-line immunotherapy combinations: no overall survival gain
LINKER-MM1	Multiple myeloma	2022	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	1/2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: Bispecifics: teclistamab, talquetamab, elranatamab, linvoseltamab
MagnetisMM-3	Multiple myeloma	2022	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	2	123	ORR: see trialMilestone: Bispecifics: teclistamab, talquetamab, elranatamab, linvoseltamab
MAGNITUDE	Prostate cancer	2022	Targeted, Endocrine	Metastatic	3	—	rPFS: median 16.6 vs 10.9 months, HR 0.53 (95% CI 0.36–0.79)Milestone: PARP inhibitor plus ARPI first line (PROpel, MAGNITUDE, TALAPRO-2)
MajesTEC-1	Multiple myeloma	2022	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	1/2	165	ORR: see trialMilestone: Bispecifics: teclistamab, talquetamab, elranatamab, linvoseltamab
MILO/ENGOT-ov11	Ovarian cancer	2022	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	—	PFS: median 9.1 vs 10.6 months, HR 1.21 (95% CI 0.79–1.86)Milestone: Low-grade serous disease: MEK inhibition (GOG 281, RAMP 201)
MIRASOL	Ovarian cancer	2022	Antibody–drug conjugate	Relapsed / refractory	3	453	OS: median 16.46 vs 12.75 months, HR 0.67 (95% CI 0.50–0.89)Milestone: Mirvetuximab soravtansine for folate receptor-high disease
MonumenTAL-1	Multiple myeloma	2022	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	1	232	ORR: see trialMilestone: Bispecifics: teclistamab, talquetamab, elranatamab, linvoseltamab
mosunetuzumab-go29781-fl	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL and follicular)	2022	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	2	90	CR rate: see trialMilestone: Mosunetuzumab and epcoritamab in relapsed follicular lymphoma
nki-til-vs-ipilimumab	Melanoma	2022	Cell therapy & transplant	Metastatic	3	168	PFS: median 7.2 vs 3.1 months, HR 0.50 (95% CI 0.35–0.72)Milestone: TIL therapy versus ipilimumab: randomised phase 3 trial (2022)
NordICC	Colorectal cancer	2022	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	84,585	Colorectal cancer incidence: 0.98% vs 1.2%Milestone: NordICC: invitation to screening colonoscopy
OPRA	Colorectal cancer	2022	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Neoadjuvant, Locally advanced	2	324	DFS: see trialMilestone: OPRA: total neoadjuvant therapy and selective watch-and-wait
PEACE-1	Prostate cancer	2022	Endocrine, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	1,173	OS: HR 0.75Milestone: Triplet therapy: ADT, docetaxel and an AR inhibitor (ARASENS, PEACE-1)
PRIMETEST	Testicular germ cell tumors	2022	Surgery	Localised	2	33	Relapse rate: see trialMilestone: Primary RPLND for stage IIA/B seminoma: PRIMETEST
PROpel	Prostate cancer	2022	Targeted, Endocrine	Metastatic	3	—	rPFS: median 24.8 vs 16.6 months, HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.54–0.81)Milestone: PARP inhibitor plus ARPI first line (PROpel, MAGNITUDE, TALAPRO-2)
PROSPER EA8143⚑ needs review	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2022	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant, Perioperative	3	819	RFS: HR 0.94 (95% CI 0.74–1.21)Milestone: Adjuvant checkpoint trials: IMmotion010, CheckMate 914, PROSPER
QUADRA	Ovarian cancer	2022	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	463	ORR: see trialMilestone: PARP inhibitor later-line ovarian indications withdrawn (2022)
QUILT-3.032	Bladder cancer	2022	Immunotherapy	Localised	2/3	—	Complete response in carcinoma in situ: see trialMilestone: N-803 plus BCG in BCG-unresponsive NMIBC
RAMP 201	Ovarian cancer	2022	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	2	115	ORR: see trialMilestone: Low-grade serous disease: MEK inhibition (GOG 281, RAMP 201)
RELATIVITY-047	Melanoma	2022	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	2/3	714	PFS: median 10.1 vs 4.6 months, HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.62–0.92)Milestone: Relatlimab plus nivolumab: RELATIVITY-047 and LAG-3 blockade (2022)
SECOMBIT	Melanoma	2022	Immunotherapy, Targeted	Metastatic	2	209	OS: see trialMilestone: Sequencing in BRAF-mutant disease: DREAMseq, SECOMBIT and EBIN
SEQUOIA	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2022	Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	3	590	PFS: HR 0.42 (95% CI 0.28–0.63)Milestone: Zanubrutinib: SEQUOIA and the ALPINE head-to-head with ibrutinib
SOLO3	Ovarian cancer	2022	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	3	266	PFS: median 13.4 vs 9.2 months, HR 0.62 (95% CI 0.43–0.91)Milestone: PARP inhibitor later-line ovarian indications withdrawn (2022)
SORAYA	Ovarian cancer	2022	Antibody–drug conjugate	Relapsed / refractory	2	106	ORR: see trialMilestone: Mirvetuximab soravtansine for folate receptor-high disease
TALAPRO-2	Prostate cancer	2022	Targeted, Endocrine	Metastatic	3	—	rPFS: HR 0.63 (95% CI 0.51–0.78)Milestone: PARP inhibitor plus ARPI first line (PROpel, MAGNITUDE, TALAPRO-2)
TRISST	Testicular germ cell tumors	2022	Understanding	Localised	3	669	Stage IIC or higher relapse incidence: 2.8% vs 0.3%Milestone: TRISST: fewer scans and MRI instead of CT in seminoma surveillance
AEGEAN	Lung cancer	2023	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Surgery	Perioperative	3	802	EFS: 73.4% vs 64.5% at 12 mo, HR 0.68 (95% CI 0.53–0.88)Milestone: Perioperative chemo-immunotherapy: KEYNOTE-671, AEGEAN, CheckMate 77T
ARROW	Thyroid cancer	2023	Targeted	Metastatic	1/2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: Pralsetinib in RET thyroid cancer; MTC indication withdrawn 2023
AUGMENT-101	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2023	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	1/2	—	CR+CRh: see trialMilestone: Menin inhibitors: revumenib and ziftomenib in KMT2A or NPM1 leukemia
BEATcc	Cervical cancer	2023	Immunotherapy, Targeted, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	410	PFS: median 13.7 vs 10.4 months, HR 0.62 (95% CI 0.49–0.78)Milestone: BEATcc and COMPASSION-16: atezolizumab, cadonilimab
blinatumomab-infants-kmt2a	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2023	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Any setting	—	30	DFS: 81.6% vs 49.4% at 24 moMilestone: Blinatumomab added to chemotherapy in infant ALL
BRUIN	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2023	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory, Metastatic	1/2	317	ORR: see trialMilestone: Pirtobrutinib: non-covalent BTK inhibitor after covalent BTK failure
BRUIN CLL-313	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2023	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory, Metastatic	3	282	PFS: 93.4% vs 70.7% at 24 mo, HR 0.199 (95% CI 0.107–0.367)Milestone: Pirtobrutinib: non-covalent BTK inhibitor after covalent BTK failure
BRUIN CLL-321⚑ needs review	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2023	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory, Metastatic	3	238	PFS: HR 0.58 (95% CI 0.38–0.89)Milestone: Pirtobrutinib: non-covalent BTK inhibitor after covalent BTK failure
CALLA	Cervical cancer	2023	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced	3	770	PFS: 76% vs 73.3% at 12 mo, HR 0.84 (95% CI 0.65–1.08)Milestone: OUTBACK and CALLA: adjuvant chemotherapy and durvalumab add-ons
CheckMate 77T	Lung cancer	2023	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Surgery	Perioperative	3	—	EFS: 70.2% vs 50% at 18 mo, HR 0.58Milestone: Perioperative chemo-immunotherapy: KEYNOTE-671, AEGEAN, CheckMate 77T
COMPASSION-16	Cervical cancer	2023	Immunotherapy, Targeted, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	445	PFS: median 12.7 vs 8.1 months, HR 0.62 (95% CI 0.49–0.80)Milestone: BEATcc and COMPASSION-16: atezolizumab, cadonilimab
DeLLphi-301	Lung cancer	2023	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	2	220	ORR: see trialMilestone: Tarlatamab: DLL3 T-cell engager for previously treated SCLC
DeLLphi-304	Lung cancer	2023	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	509	OS: median 13.6 vs 8.3 months, HR 0.60 (95% CI 0.47–0.77)Milestone: Tarlatamab: DLL3 T-cell engager for previously treated SCLC
DREAMM-2	Multiple myeloma	2023	Antibody–drug conjugate	Relapsed / refractory	2	196	ORR: see trialMilestone: Belantamab mafodotin: withdrawn in 2023, approved again in 2025
DREAMM-3	Multiple myeloma	2023	Antibody–drug conjugate	Relapsed / refractory	3	325	PFS: median 11.2 vs 7 months, HR 1.03 (95% CI 0.72–1.47)Milestone: Belantamab mafodotin: withdrawn in 2023, approved again in 2025
DREAMM-7	Multiple myeloma	2023	Antibody–drug conjugate	Relapsed / refractory	3	494	PFS: median 36.6 vs 13.4 months, HR 0.41 (95% CI 0.31–0.53)Milestone: Belantamab mafodotin: withdrawn in 2023, approved again in 2025
DREAMM-8	Multiple myeloma	2023	Antibody–drug conjugate	Relapsed / refractory	3	302	PFS: 71% vs 51% at 12 mo, HR 0.52 (95% CI 0.37–0.73)Milestone: Belantamab mafodotin: withdrawn in 2023, approved again in 2025
DUO-E	Endometrial cancer	2023	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Targeted	Metastatic	3	718	PFS: median 10.2 vs 9.6 months, HR 0.71 (95% CI 0.57–0.89)Milestone: DUO-E: durvalumab with or without olaparib, first line
EMBARK	Prostate cancer	2023	Endocrine	Any setting	3	1,068	MFS: 87.3% vs 71.4% at 60 mo, HR 0.42 (95% CI 0.30–0.61)Milestone: Enzalutamide for high-risk biochemical recurrence (EMBARK)
EV-103	Bladder cancer	2023	Antibody–drug conjugate, Immunotherapy	Metastatic	1/2	—	ORR: 64.5% vs 45.2%Milestone: EV-302: enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab as first-line
EV-302	Bladder cancer	2023	Antibody–drug conjugate, Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	886	PFS: median 12.5 vs 6.3 months, HR 0.45 (95% CI 0.38–0.54)Milestone: EV-302: enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab as first-line
FLAURA2	Lung cancer	2023	Targeted, Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	557	PFS: 57% vs 41% at 24 mo, HR 0.62 (95% CI 0.49–0.79)Milestone: First-line EGFR combinations: FLAURA2 and MARIPOSA
FOxTROT	Colorectal cancer	2023	Chemotherapy, Surgery	Neoadjuvant, Perioperative	2/3	1,053	Residual disease or recurrence within 2 years: 16.9% vs 21.5%Milestone: FOxTROT: neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced colon cancer
GLOW	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2023	Targeted	Metastatic	3	507	PFS: median 8.21 vs 6.8 months, HR 0.687 (95% CI 0.544–0.866)Milestone: Zolbetuximab for CLDN18.2-positive disease: SPOTLIGHT and GLOW
INDIGO	Glioblastoma	2023	Targeted	Adjuvant	3	331	PFS: median 27.7 vs 11.1 months, HR 0.39 (95% CI 0.27–0.56)Milestone: Vorasidenib delays progression in IDH-mutant grade 2 glioma (INDIGO)
KEYNOTE-671	Lung cancer	2023	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Surgery	Perioperative	3	797	EFS: 62.4% vs 40.6% at 24 mo, HR 0.58 (95% CI 0.46–0.72)Milestone: Perioperative chemo-immunotherapy: KEYNOTE-671, AEGEAN, CheckMate 77T
KOMET-001	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2023	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	1/2	—	CR+CRh: see trialMilestone: Menin inhibitors: revumenib and ziftomenib in KMT2A or NPM1 leukemia
LIBRETTO-531	Thyroid cancer	2023	Targeted	Metastatic	3	291	PFS: 86.8% vs 65.7% at 12 mo, HR 0.28 (95% CI 0.16–0.48)Milestone: LIBRETTO-531: selpercatinib versus cabozantinib or vandetanib
LITESPARK-005⚑ needs review	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2023	Targeted	Metastatic	3	746	PFS: median 5.6 vs 5.6 monthsMilestone: LITESPARK-005: belzutifan versus everolimus after ICI and TKI (2023)
MARIPOSA	Lung cancer	2023	Targeted, Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	1,074	PFS: median 23.7 vs 16.6 months, HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.58–0.85)Milestone: First-line EGFR combinations: FLAURA2 and MARIPOSA
NAPOLI 3	Pancreatic cancer	2023	Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	770	OS: median 11.1 vs 9.2 months, HR 0.83 (95% CI 0.70–0.99)Milestone: NAPOLI-3: NALIRIFOX versus nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine
NMTRC003B	Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour	2023	Targeted	Maintenance	2	141	EFS: see trialMilestone: Eflornithine maintenance to reduce relapse: FDA approval (2023)
NRG-GY018	Endometrial cancer	2023	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	816	PFS: 74% vs 38% at 12 mo, HR 0.30 (95% CI 0.19–0.48)Milestone: NRG-GY018: pembrolizumab added to chemotherapy, both MMR cohorts
NRG/RTOG 0912	Thyroid cancer	2023	Targeted, Radiation, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	2	89	OS: median 5.7 vs 7.3 months, HR 0.86 (95% CI 0.52–1.43)Milestone: NRG/RTOG 0912: pazopanib plus chemoradiotherapy in anaplastic cancer
OUTBACK	Cervical cancer	2023	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced	3	926	OS: 72% vs 71% at 60 mo, HR 0.90 (95% CI 0.70–1.17)Milestone: OUTBACK and CALLA: adjuvant chemotherapy and durvalumab add-ons
PROSPECT	Colorectal cancer	2023	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	2/3	1,194	DFS: 80.8% vs 78.6% at 60 mo, HR 0.92Milestone: PROSPECT: neoadjuvant FOLFOX with selective chemoradiotherapy
QuANTUM-First	Acute myeloid leukaemia (including APL)	2023	Targeted	Any setting	3	539	OS: median 31.9 vs 15.1 months, HR 0.78 (95% CI 0.62–0.98)Milestone: QuANTUM-First: quizartinib with chemotherapy in FLT3-ITD AML
RUBY	Endometrial cancer	2023	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	494	PFS: 61.4% vs 15.7% at 24 mo, HR 0.28 (95% CI 0.16–0.50)Milestone: RUBY: dostarlimab added to carboplatin-paclitaxel, first line
SPOTLIGHT	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2023	Targeted	Metastatic	3	565	PFS: median 10.61 vs 8.67 months, HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.60–0.94)Milestone: Zolbetuximab for CLDN18.2-positive disease: SPOTLIGHT and GLOW
SWOG S1801	Melanoma	2023	Immunotherapy, Surgery	Neoadjuvant, Perioperative	2	313	EFS: 72% vs 49% at 24 moMilestone: SWOG S1801: neoadjuvant-adjuvant versus adjuvant-only pembrolizumab
AALL1731	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2024	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Any setting	3	—	DFS: 96% vs 87.9% at 36 moMilestone: Blinatumomab added to chemotherapy in standard-risk B-ALL
ADRIATIC	Lung cancer	2024	Immunotherapy	Locally advanced, Maintenance	3	—	OS: median 55.9 vs 33.4 months, HR 0.73Milestone: ADRIATIC: durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy, limited-stage SCLC
ALINA	Lung cancer	2024	Targeted	Adjuvant	3	257	DFS: 93.8% vs 63% at 24 mo, HR 0.24 (95% CI 0.13–0.45)Milestone: ALINA: adjuvant alectinib in resected ALK-positive disease
ARANOTE	Prostate cancer	2024	Endocrine	Metastatic	3	669	rPFS: HR 0.54 (95% CI 0.41–0.71)Milestone: Darolutamide plus ADT without docetaxel (ARANOTE)
ASC4FIRST	Chronic myeloid leukemia	2024	Targeted	Any setting	3	405	MMR: 67.7% vs 49%Milestone: ASC4FIRST: asciminib in newly diagnosed chronic-phase CML
BREAKWATER	Colorectal cancer	2024	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	—	PFS: median 12.8 vs 7.1 months, HR 0.53 (95% CI 0.41–0.68)Milestone: BREAKWATER: first-line encorafenib, cetuximab and chemotherapy
CAP	Prostate cancer	2024	Detection & prevention	Screening	—	415,357	Cumulative incidence of prostate cancer: 4.3% vs 3.6%Milestone: Screening follow-up: CAP (15-year) and ERSPC (23-year)
CheckMate 8HW	Colorectal cancer	2024	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	—	PFS: HR 0.62 (95% CI 0.48–0.81)Milestone: CheckMate 8HW: nivolumab plus ipilimumab in MSI-H/dMMR mCRC
eNRGy	Pancreatic cancer	2024	Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	2	204	ORR: see trialMilestone: Zenocutuzumab: pancreatic-cancer indication for NRG1 gene fusions
HD21	Hodgkin lymphoma	2024	Antibody–drug conjugate, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic	3	1,500	PFS: 94.3% vs 90.9% at 48 mo, HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.45–0.97)Milestone: HD21: BrECADD versus escalated BEACOPP
INTERLACE	Cervical cancer	2024	Chemotherapy, Radiation	Locally advanced	3	500	PFS: 72% vs 64% at 60 mo, HR 0.65 (95% CI 0.46–0.91)Milestone: INTERLACE: weekly induction chemotherapy before chemoradiation
KEYNOTE-942	Melanoma	2024	Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	2	157	RFS: 79% vs 62% at 18 mo, HR 0.561 (95% CI 0.309–1.017)Milestone: Individualised mRNA neoantigen therapy plus pembrolizumab: KEYNOTE-942
KEYNOTE-A18	Cervical cancer	2024	Immunotherapy, Radiation, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced	3	1,060	PFS: 68% vs 57% at 24 mo, HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.55–0.89)Milestone: KEYNOTE-A18: pembrolizumab added to chemoradiation (FDA Jan 2024)
KEYNOTE-B21	Endometrial cancer	2024	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	1,095	DFS: 75% vs 76% at 24 mo, HR 1.02 (95% CI 0.79–1.32)Milestone: KEYNOTE-B21: adjuvant pembrolizumab, no DFS gain overall
LAURA	Lung cancer	2024	Targeted, Radiation	Locally advanced	3	216	PFS: median 39.1 vs 5.6 months, HR 0.16 (95% CI 0.10–0.24)Milestone: LAURA: osimertinib after chemoradiotherapy, stage III
NADINA	Melanoma	2024	Immunotherapy, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	3	423	EFS: 83.7% vs 57.2% at 12 mo, HR 0.32Milestone: NADINA: neoadjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in stage III (2024)
NIAGARA	Bladder cancer	2024	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Perioperative	3	1,063	EFS: 67.8% vs 59.8% at 24 mo, HR 0.68 (95% CI 0.56–0.82)Milestone: NIAGARA: durvalumab added to neoadjuvant gemcitabine-cisplatin
NICHE-2	Colorectal cancer	2024	Immunotherapy, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	2	115	Timely surgery: see trialMilestone: NICHE-2: neoadjuvant nivolumab plus ipilimumab for dMMR colon cancer
NORPACT-1	Pancreatic cancer	2024	Chemotherapy, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	2	140	OS: median 25.1 vs 38.5 months, HR 1.52 (95% CI 1.00–2.33)Milestone: NORPACT-1: neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX versus upfront surgery
onc201-integrated-analysis-h3-k27m-dmg	Glioblastoma	2024	Targeted	Relapsed / refractory	—	50	ORR: see trialMilestone: Dordaviprone gets accelerated approval for H3 K27M midline glioma
PSMAfore	Prostate cancer	2024	Radiation	Metastatic	3	468	rPFS: median 9.3 vs 5.55 months, HR 0.41 (95% CI 0.29–0.56)Milestone: 177Lu-PSMA-617 before taxane chemotherapy (PSMAfore)
S1826	Hodgkin lymphoma	2024	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Locally advanced, Metastatic	3	994	PFS: HR 0.48Milestone: S1826: nivolumab plus AVD versus BV plus AVD
SHAPE	Cervical cancer	2024	Surgery	Localised	—	700	Pelvic recurrence: 2.52% vs 2.17% at 36 moMilestone: SHAPE: simple hysterectomy for low-risk early cervical cancer
SU2C-SARC032	Sarcoma and GIST	2024	Immunotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Neoadjuvant, Adjuvant	2	143	DFS: 67% vs 52% at 24 mo, HR 0.61Milestone: SU2C-SARC032: pembrolizumab added to radiotherapy before surgery
TROPHY-U-01	Bladder cancer	2024	Antibody–drug conjugate	Metastatic	2	—	ORR: see trialMilestone: Sacituzumab govitecan urothelial indication withdrawn
TROPiCS-04	Bladder cancer	2024	Antibody–drug conjugate	Metastatic	3	711	OS: median 10.3 vs 9 months, HR 0.86 (95% CI 0.73–1.02)Milestone: Sacituzumab govitecan urothelial indication withdrawn
AMPLIFY	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2025	Targeted	Metastatic	3	867	PFS: 76.5% vs 66.5% at 36 mo, HR 0.65 (95% CI 0.49–0.87)Milestone: AMPLIFY: fixed-duration acalabrutinib-venetoclax vs chemoimmunotherapy
AMPLITUDE	Prostate cancer	2025	Targeted, Endocrine	Metastatic	3	696	rPFS: HR 0.52 (95% CI 0.37–0.72)Milestone: Biomarker-selected mHSPC: AMPLITUDE (BRCA) and CAPItello-281 (PTEN)
ASCENT-03	Breast cancer	2025	Antibody–drug conjugate, Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	558	PFS: median 9.7 vs 6.9 months, HR 0.62 (95% CI 0.50–0.77)Milestone: ADCs reach first-line metastatic TNBC (ASCENT-03/-04, TROPION-02)
ASCENT-04	Breast cancer	2025	Antibody–drug conjugate, Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	443	PFS: median 11.2 vs 7.8 months, HR 0.65 (95% CI 0.51–0.84)Milestone: ADCs reach first-line metastatic TNBC (ASCENT-03/-04, TROPION-02)
CAPItello-281	Prostate cancer	2025	Targeted, Endocrine	Metastatic	3	1,012	rPFS: median 33.2 vs 25.7 months, HR 0.81 (95% CI 0.66–0.98)Milestone: Biomarker-selected mHSPC: AMPLITUDE (BRCA) and CAPItello-281 (PTEN)
CheckMate 9DW	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2025	Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	668	OS: median 23.7 vs 20.6 months, HR 0.79 (95% CI 0.65–0.96)Milestone: CheckMate 9DW: first-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab
DESTINY-Breast09	Breast cancer	2025	Antibody–drug conjugate, Targeted	Metastatic	3	1,157	PFS: median 40.7 vs 26.9 months, HR 0.56 (95% CI 0.44–0.71)Milestone: DESTINY-Breast09: T-DXd plus pertuzumab in first-line therapy
EMERALD-1	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2025	Immunotherapy, Targeted, Surgery	Locally advanced	3	616	PFS: median 15 vs 8.2 months, HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.61–0.98)Milestone: TACE plus immunotherapy: EMERALD-1 and LEAP-012 (PFS)
ESOPEC	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2025	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Neoadjuvant, Perioperative	3	438	OS: 57.4% vs 50.7% at 36 mo, HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.53–0.92)Milestone: ESOPEC: perioperative FLOT versus CROSS in adenocarcinoma
IGNYTE	Melanoma	2025	Immunotherapy	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	2	140	ORR: see trialMilestone: RP1 plus nivolumab after anti-PD-1 failure: IGNYTE and FDA approval
KEYNOTE-585⚑ needs review	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2025	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Surgery	Perioperative	3	1,007	OS: median 71.8 vs 55.7 months, HR 0.86 (95% CI 0.71–1.06)Milestone: MATTERHORN: perioperative durvalumab plus FLOT, and KEYNOTE-585
KEYNOTE-689	Head and neck cancer	2025	Immunotherapy, Surgery, Radiation	Perioperative	3	714	EFS: 59.8% vs 45.9% at 36 mo, HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.49–0.88)Milestone: KEYNOTE-689: perioperative pembrolizumab for resectable disease
KEYNOTE-905/EV-303	Bladder cancer	2025	Antibody–drug conjugate, Immunotherapy	Perioperative	3	344	EFS: 74.7% vs 39.4% at 24 mo, HR 0.40 (95% CI 0.28–0.57)Milestone: KEYNOTE-905/EV-303: EV plus pembrolizumab around cystectomy
LEAP-012	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2025	Immunotherapy, Targeted, Surgery	Locally advanced	3	480	PFS: median 14.6 vs 10 months, HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.51–0.84)Milestone: TACE plus immunotherapy: EMERALD-1 and LEAP-012 (PFS)
MajesTEC-3	Multiple myeloma	2025	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	587	PFS: 83.4% vs 29.7% at 36 mo, HR 0.17 (95% CI 0.12–0.23)Milestone: Bispecifics move earlier: MajesTEC-3, MajesTEC-9, MonumenTAL-3
MajesTEC-9	Multiple myeloma	2025	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	593	PFS: 69.8% vs 26.9% at 18 mo, HR 0.29 (95% CI 0.23–0.38)Milestone: Bispecifics move earlier: MajesTEC-3, MajesTEC-9, MonumenTAL-3
MATTERHORN	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2025	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Surgery	Perioperative	3	948	EFS: 67.4% vs 58.5% at 24 mo, HR 0.71 (95% CI 0.58–0.86)Milestone: MATTERHORN: perioperative durvalumab plus FLOT, and KEYNOTE-585
MonumenTAL-3	Multiple myeloma	2025	Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	864	PFS: 81.3% vs 51.2% at 24 mo, HR 0.28 (95% CI 0.2–0.4)Milestone: Bispecifics move earlier: MajesTEC-3, MajesTEC-9, MonumenTAL-3
Neo-AEGIS	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2025	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Neoadjuvant, Perioperative	3	377	OS: median 49.2 vs 48 months, HR 1.03 (95% CI 0.77–1.38)Milestone: ESOPEC: perioperative FLOT versus CROSS in adenocarcinoma
NIVOPOSTOP	Head and neck cancer	2025	Immunotherapy, Radiation, Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	680	DFS: HR 0.76 (95% CI 0.60–0.98)Milestone: NIVOPOSTOP: nivolumab added to postoperative cisplatin-radiotherapy
PANOVA-3	Pancreatic cancer	2025	Targeted	Locally advanced	3	571	OS: median 16.2 vs 14.2 months, HR 0.82 (95% CI 0.68–0.99)Milestone: PANOVA-3: tumour treating fields plus chemotherapy, locally advanced
PORTEC-4a	Endometrial cancer	2025	Radiation, Understanding	Adjuvant	3	569	Vaginal recurrence: 4.5% vs 1.6% at 60 mo, HR 2.71 (95% CI 0.79–9.34)Milestone: PORTEC-4a: molecular profile guides adjuvant treatment
PREOPANC-2	Pancreatic cancer	2025	Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery	Neoadjuvant	3	375	OS: median 21.9 vs 21.3 months, HR 0.88 (95% CI 0.69–1.13)Milestone: PREOPANC-2: neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX versus chemoradiotherapy
ROSELLA/GOG-3073/ENGOT-ov72	Ovarian cancer	2025	Targeted, Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	381	PFS: median 6.54 vs 5.52 months, HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.54–0.91)Milestone: Relacorilant plus nab-paclitaxel, platinum-resistant: ROSELLA
SANO	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2025	Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation	Neoadjuvant	3	309	OS: 74% vs 71% at 24 mo, HR 1.14 (95% CI 0.74–1.78)Milestone: SANO: active surveillance versus surgery after complete response
SunRISe-1	Bladder cancer	2025	Chemotherapy	Localised	2	—	Complete response in carcinoma in situ: see trialMilestone: TAR-200 for BCG-unresponsive high-risk NMIBC
TROPION-Breast02	Breast cancer	2025	Antibody–drug conjugate, Immunotherapy	Metastatic	3	644	PFS: median 10.8 vs 5.6 months, HR 0.57Milestone: ADCs reach first-line metastatic TNBC (ASCENT-03/-04, TROPION-02)
AIEOP-BFM ALL 2017	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	2026	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Any setting	3	709	EFS: 83% vs 70.3% at 48 mo, HR 0.51 (95% CI 0.35–0.73)Milestone: Blinatumomab replaces chemotherapy cycles in high-risk B-ALL
ATOMIC	Colorectal cancer	2026	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Adjuvant	3	712	DFS: 86.3% vs 76.2% at 36 mo, HR 0.50 (95% CI 0.35–0.73)Milestone: ATOMIC: atezolizumab plus adjuvant FOLFOX in dMMR stage III colon
BRUIN CLL-322	Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2026	Targeted, Immunotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	639	PFS: 87% vs 72% at 24 mo, HR 0.547 (95% CI 0.400–0.748)Milestone: BRUIN CLL-322: pirtobrutinib added to venetoclax-rituximab
ENDURANCE	Multiple myeloma	2026	Targeted	Maintenance	3	1,087	OS: 69% vs 68.6% at 84 moMilestone: ENDURANCE: continuous or fixed-duration lenalidomide
ENGOT-ov65/KEYNOTE-B96	Ovarian cancer	2026	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Relapsed / refractory	3	643	PFS: median 8.3 vs 7.2 months, HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.58–0.89)Milestone: KEYNOTE-B96: pembrolizumab plus weekly paclitaxel, PD-L1 CPS 1+
EZH-202 cohort 5	Sarcoma and GIST	2026	Targeted	Metastatic, Locally advanced	2	62	ORR: see trialMilestone: Tazemetostat: epithelioid sarcoma accelerated approval withdrawn
HERIZON-GEA-01	Gastric and oesophageal cancer	2026	Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy	Metastatic	3	—	PFS: median 12.4 vs 8.1 months, HR 0.63 (95% CI 0.51–0.78)Milestone: HERIZON-GEA-01: zanidatamab, with or without tislelizumab
IMbrave050	Hepatocellular carcinoma	2026	Immunotherapy, Targeted	Adjuvant	3	668	RFS: HR 0.72Milestone: IMbrave050: early recurrence-free benefit not sustained on update
KEYNOTE-B15/EV-304	Bladder cancer	2026	Antibody–drug conjugate, Immunotherapy	Perioperative	3	808	EFS: 79.4% vs 66.2% at 24 mo, HR 0.53 (95% CI 0.41–0.70)Milestone: KEYNOTE-B15/EV-304: EV-pembrolizumab versus cisplatin-gemcitabine
LITESPARK-011⚑ needs review	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2026	Targeted	Metastatic	3	747	PFS: median 14.6 vs 10.6 months, HR 0.74 (95% CI 0.61–0.89)Milestone: LITESPARK-011: belzutifan plus lenvatinib versus cabozantinib (2026)
LITESPARK-022	Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)	2026	Targeted, Immunotherapy	Adjuvant	3	—	DFS: 80.7% vs 73.7% at 24 mo, HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.59–0.87)Milestone: LITESPARK-022: adjuvant belzutifan added to pembrolizumab (2026)
PSMAddition	Prostate cancer	2026	Radiation	Metastatic	3	1,144	rPFS: HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.58–0.90)Milestone: 177Lu-PSMA-617 plus ARPI in PSMA-positive mHSPC (PSMAddition)
RASolute 302	Pancreatic cancer	2026	Targeted	Metastatic, Relapsed / refractory	3	500	OS: median 13.2 vs 6.6 months, HR 0.4Milestone: Daraxonrasib: RAS(ON) inhibitor extends survival after prior therapy