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Bending the Curve

How to read the evidence

The numbers in the timelines are easier to read once you know what they measure. Each page has an interactive example; the examples use synthetic numbers and say so. These are teaching aids, not medical advice.

  1. 1

    Reading a Kaplan–Meier curve

    Censoring, the median and landmark rates, with a curve you can change.

  2. 2

    What a hazard ratio means

    Move the hazard ratio and watch two curves separate.

  3. 3

    Overall survival, progression-free survival and surrogate endpoints

    Which events end the clock for each endpoint, and why a surrogate is not the same as the outcome that matters.

  4. 4

    Trial phases, randomization, crossover and accelerated approval

    How evidence is built in phases, why crossover complicates survival comparisons, and what accelerated approval means.

Looking for an abbreviation? See the glossary.