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References: Thyroid cancer

105 sources cited on this page. Links open the primary source.

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  17. Hovens GC, Stokkel MP, Kievit J, Corssmit EP, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, et al. Associations of serum thyrotropin concentrations with recurrence and death in differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(7):2610-5. PubMedDOI
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  19. American Thyroid Association (ATA) Guidelines Taskforce on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2009;19(11):1167-214. PubMedDOI
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  20. Wells SA Jr, Gosnell JE, Gagel RF, Moley J, Pfister D, Sosa JA, et al. Vandetanib for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(5):767-72. PubMedDOI
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  21. US Food and Drug Administration. NDA approval letter, Caprelsa (vandetanib) tablets, NDA 022405, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; signed 6 April 2011. Source
  22. Tröhler U. Towards endocrinology: Theodor Kocher's 1883 account of the unexpected effects of total ablation of the thyroid. J R Soc Med. 2011;104(3):129-32. PubMedDOI
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  23. US Food and Drug Administration. NDA approval letter, Cometriq (cabozantinib) capsules, NDA 203756, Exelixis, Inc.; signed 29 November 2012. Source
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  25. Schlumberger M, Catargi B, Borget I, Deandreis D, Zerdoud S, Bridji B, et al. Strategies of radioiodine ablation in patients with low-risk thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(18):1663-73. PubMedDOI
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  27. Wells SA Jr, Robinson BG, Gagel RF, Dralle H, Fagin JA, Santoro M, et al. Vandetanib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer: a randomized, double-blind phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(2):134-41. PubMedDOI
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  28. Elisei R, Schlumberger MJ, Müller SP, Schöffski P, Brose MS, Shah MH, et al. Cabozantinib in progressive medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(29):3639-46. PubMedDOI
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  29. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, NDA 021923/S-016, Nexavar (sorafenib), Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc.; e-signed 22 November 2013. Source
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  31. Ahn HS, Kim HJ, Welch HG. Korea's thyroid-cancer "epidemic"--screening and overdiagnosis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(19):1765-7. PubMedDOI
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  32. Brose MS, Nutting CM, Jarzab B, Elisei R, Siena S, Bastholt L, et al. Sorafenib in radioactive iodine-refractory, locally advanced or metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2014;384(9940):319-28. PubMedDOI
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  33. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Integrated genomic characterization of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cell. 2014;159(3):676-90. PubMedDOI
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  35. Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Kihara M, Higashiyama T, Kobayashi K, Miya A. Patient age is significantly related to the progression of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid under observation. Thyroid. 2014;24(1):27-34. PubMedDOI
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  36. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. NDA approval letter (replacement), NDA 206947, Lenvima (lenvatinib), Eisai Inc.; e-signed 13 February 2015. Source
  37. Schlumberger M, Tahara M, Wirth LJ, Robinson B, Brose MS, Elisei R, et al. Lenvatinib versus placebo in radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(7):621-30. PubMedDOI
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  38. Wells SA Jr, Asa SL, Dralle H, Elisei R, Evans DB, Gagel RF, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2015;25(6):567-610. PubMedDOI
  39. Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Doherty GM, Mandel SJ, Nikiforov YE, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(1):1-133. PubMedDOI
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  40. Nikiforov YE, Seethala RR, Tallini G, Baloch ZW, Basolo F, Thompson LD, et al. Nomenclature Revision for Encapsulated Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Paradigm Shift to Reduce Overtreatment of Indolent Tumors. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(8):1023-9. PubMedDOI
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  41. Vaccarella S, Franceschi S, Bray F, Wild CP, Plummer M, Dal Maso L. Worldwide Thyroid-Cancer Epidemic? The Increasing Impact of Overdiagnosis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(7):614-7. PubMedDOI
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  42. Schlumberger M, Elisei R, Müller S, Schöffski P, Brose M, Shah M, et al. Overall survival analysis of EXAM, a phase III trial of cabozantinib in patients with radiographically progressive medullary thyroid carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(11):2813-2819. PubMedDOI
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  43. Tuttle RM, Fagin JA, Minkowitz G, Wong RJ, Roman B, Patel S, et al. Natural History and Tumor Volume Kinetics of Papillary Thyroid Cancers During Active Surveillance. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;143(10):1015-1020. PubMedDOI
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  44. US Preventive Services Task Force. Thyroid Cancer: Screening. Recommendation page; final recommendation statement dated May 9, 2017; page text read 20 October 2026. Source
  45. Drilon A, Laetsch TW, Kummar S, DuBois SG, Lassen UN, Demetri GD, et al. Efficacy of Larotrectinib in TRK Fusion-Positive Cancers in Adults and Children. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(8):731-739. PubMedDOI
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  46. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, NDA 204114/S-009, Mekinist (trametinib) with dabrafenib, anaplastic thyroid cancer, Novartis; e-signed 4 May 2018. Source
  47. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, NDA 202806/S-010, Tafinlar (dabrafenib) with trametinib, anaplastic thyroid cancer, Novartis; e-signed 4 May 2018. Source
  48. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, Vitrakvi (larotrectinib) capsules, NDA 210861, Loxo Oncology, Inc.; signed 26 November 2018. Source
  49. Subbiah V, Kreitman RJ, Wainberg ZA, Cho JY, Schellens JHM, Soria JC, et al. Dabrafenib and Trametinib Treatment in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic BRAF V600-Mutant Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(1):7-13. PubMedDOI
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  50. US Food and Drug Administration. Replacement accelerated approval letter, Rozlytrek (entrectinib) capsules, NDA 212726, Genentech, Inc.; the replacement letter corrects a typographical error and states that the effective approval date remains 15 August 2019. Source
  51. Filetti S, Durante C, Hartl D, Leboulleux S, Locati LD, Newbold K, et al. Thyroid cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up†. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(12):1856-1883. PubMedDOI
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  53. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, Gavreto (pralsetinib) capsules, NDA 213721, Blueprint Medicines Corporation; signed 4 September 2020. Source
  54. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, Gavreto (pralsetinib) 100 mg capsules, NDA 214701, Blueprint Medicines Corporation; signed 1 December 2020. Source
  55. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, Retevmo (selpercatinib) capsules, NDA 213246, Loxo Oncology Inc.; signed 8 May 2020. Source
  56. Hong DS, DuBois SG, Kummar S, Farago AF, Albert CM, Rohrberg KS, et al. Larotrectinib in patients with TRK fusion-positive solid tumours: a pooled analysis of three phase 1/2 clinical trials. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(4):531-540. PubMedDOI
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  57. Kreissl MC, Bastholt L, Elisei R, Haddad R, Hauch O, Jarząb B, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Vandetanib in Progressive and Symptomatic Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Post Hoc Analysis From the ZETA Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(24):2773-2781. PubMedDOI
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  58. Wirth LJ, Sherman E, Robinson B, Solomon B, Kang H, Lorch J, et al. Efficacy of Selpercatinib in RET-Altered Thyroid Cancers. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(9):825-835. PubMedDOI
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  59. Bible KC, Kebebew E, Brierley J, Brito JP, Cabanillas ME, Clark TJ Jr, et al. 2021 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Management of Patients with Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2021;31(3):337-386. PubMedDOI
  60. Brose MS, Robinson B, Sherman SI, Krajewska J, Lin CC, Vaisman F, et al. Cabozantinib for radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (COSMIC-311): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(8):1126-1138. PubMedDOI
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  61. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Corrected supplement approval letter, NDA 208692/S-012, Cabometyx (cabozantinib), differentiated thyroid cancer, Exelixis; e-signed 20 September 2021 (effective action date 17 September 2021). Source
  62. Subbiah V, Hu MI, Wirth LJ, Schuler M, Mansfield AS, Curigliano G, et al. Pralsetinib for patients with advanced or metastatic RET-altered thyroid cancer (ARROW): a multi-cohort, open-label, registrational, phase 1/2 study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(8):491-501. PubMedDOI
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  63. Brose MS, Robinson BG, Sherman SI, Jarzab B, Lin CC, Vaisman F, et al. Cabozantinib for previously treated radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer: Updated results from the phase 3 COSMIC-311 trial. Cancer. 2022;128(24):4203-4212. PubMedDOI
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  64. Capdevila J, Klochikhin A, Leboulleux S, Isaev P, Badiu C, Robinson B, et al. A Randomized, Double-Blind Noninferiority Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of the Cabozantinib Tablet at 60 mg Per Day Compared with the Cabozantinib Capsule at 140 mg Per Day in Patients with Progressive, Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2022;32(5):515-524. PubMedDOI
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  65. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, Retevmo (selpercatinib) capsules, NDA 213246/S-008 (the letter header prints the NDA as 212346), Loxo Oncology Inc.; signed 21 September 2022. Source
  66. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, NDA 202806/S-022, Tafinlar (dabrafenib) with trametinib, BRAF V600E solid tumours, Novartis; e-signed 22 June 2022. Source
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  69. Subbiah V, Kreitman RJ, Wainberg ZA, Cho JY, Schellens JHM, Soria JC, et al. Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with BRAF V600E-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer: updated analysis from the phase II ROAR basket study. Ann Oncol. 2022;33(4):406-415. PubMedDOI
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  70. Waguespack SG, Drilon A, Lin JJ, Brose MS, McDermott R, Almubarak M, et al. Efficacy and safety of larotrectinib in patients with TRK fusion-positive thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2022;186(6):631-643. PubMedDOI
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  71. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter (release from postmarketing requirements; withdrawal of accelerated approval indication), Gavreto (pralsetinib) capsules, NDA 213721/S-014, Genentech, Inc.; signed 20 July 2023. Source
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  73. Blueprint Medicines Corporation. Form 8-K (Item 8.01, Other Events), filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission, 30 June 2023. Sponsor statement about Genentech's decision to withdraw the US RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer indication for Gavreto. Source
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  75. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval and fulfilment of postmarketing requirements/commitment letter, Retevmo (selpercatinib) capsules, NDA 213246/S-009, Loxo Oncology Inc.; signed 12 June 2024. Source
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  97. European Medicines Agency. Cometriq (cabozantinib), EPAR page. Conditional marketing authorisation issued 21 March 2014 (opinion 19 December 2013); page last updated 13 October 2026, read 20 October 2026. Source
  98. European Medicines Agency. Lenvima (lenvatinib): European public assessment report (EPAR) page. Page read 20 October 2026 (authorisation details, indication text and, where stated, the news item). The page is not a procedural-steps document or a Union Register entry. Source
  99. European Medicines Agency. Nexavar (sorafenib): European public assessment report (EPAR) page. Page read 20 October 2026 (authorisation details, indication text and, where stated, the news item). The page is not a procedural-steps document or a Union Register entry. Source
  100. European Medicines Agency. Retsevmo (selpercatinib), EPAR page. Marketing authorisation issued 11 February 2021 (CHMP opinion 10 December 2020); page last updated 3 July 2026, read 20 October 2026. Source
  101. European Medicines Agency. Vitrakvi (larotrectinib), EPAR page. Conditional marketing authorisation issued 19 September 2019 (opinion 25 July 2019); page last updated 4 August 2026, read 20 October 2026. Source
  102. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval and fulfilment of postmarketing requirement letter, Retevmo (selpercatinib) capsules and tablets, NDA 213246/S-017 and NDA 218160/S-007, Eli Lilly and Company; signed 14 July 2026. Source
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