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References: Sarcoma and GIST

95 sources cited on this page. Links open the primary source.

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  3. Rosenberg SA, Tepper J, Glatstein E, Costa J, Baker A, Brennan M, et al. The treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities: prospective randomized evaluations of (1) limb-sparing surgery plus radiation therapy compared with amputation and (2) the role of adjuvant chemotherapy. Ann Surg. 1982;196(3):305-15. PubMedDOI
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  4. Link MP, Goorin AM, Miser AW, Green AA, Pratt CB, Belasco JB, et al. The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on relapse-free survival in patients with osteosarcoma of the extremity. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(25):1600-6. PubMedDOI
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  7. Burgert EO Jr, Nesbit ME, Garnsey LA, Gehan EA, Herrmann J, Vietti TJ, et al. Multimodal therapy for the management of nonpelvic, localized Ewing's sarcoma of bone: intergroup study IESS-II. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8(9):1514-24. PubMedDOI
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  8. Nesbit ME Jr, Gehan EA, Burgert EO Jr, Vietti TJ, Cangir A, Tefft M, et al. Multimodal therapy for the management of primary, nonmetastatic Ewing's sarcoma of bone: a long-term follow-up of the First Intergroup study. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8(10):1664-74. PubMedDOI
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  9. Maurer HM, Gehan EA, Beltangady M, Crist W, Dickman PS, Donaldson SS, et al. The Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study-II. Cancer. 1993;71(5):1904-22. PubMedDOI
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  10. Crist W, Gehan EA, Ragab AH, Dickman PS, Donaldson SS, Fryer C, et al. The Third Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13(3):610-30. PubMedDOI
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  11. Hirota S, Isozaki K, Moriyama Y, Hashimoto K, Nishida T, Ishiguro S, et al. Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science. 1998;279(5350):577-80. PubMedDOI
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  12. Kindblom LG, Remotti HE, Aldenborg F, Meis-Kindblom JM. Gastrointestinal pacemaker cell tumor (GIPACT): gastrointestinal stromal tumors show phenotypic characteristics of the interstitial cells of Cajal. Am J Pathol. 1998;152(5):1259-69. PubMed
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  13. Crist WM, Anderson JR, Meza JL, Fryer C, Raney RB, Ruymann FB, et al. Intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study-IV: results for patients with nonmetastatic disease. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(12):3091-102. PubMedDOI
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  14. Joensuu H, Roberts PJ, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Andersson LC, Tervahartiala P, Tuveson D, et al. Effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 in a patient with a metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(14):1052-6. PubMedDOI
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  15. Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Blanke CD, Van den Abbeele AD, Eisenberg B, Roberts PJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(7):472-80. PubMedDOI
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  16. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, CDER. Approval letter, NDA 21-335/S-001, Gleevec (imatinib mesylate), Novartis; GIST indication, approved under 21 CFR 314 subpart H. The letter carries an electronic-signature page without a date; the approval date of 1 February 2002 is stated in later FDA letters (19 October 2006; 26 September 2008) and in openFDA. Source
  17. Grier HE, Krailo MD, Tarbell NJ, Link MP, Fryer CJ, Pritchard DJ, et al. Addition of ifosfamide and etoposide to standard chemotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(8):694-701. PubMedDOI
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  18. Heinrich MC, Corless CL, Demetri GD, Blanke CD, von Mehren M, Joensuu H, et al. Kinase mutations and imatinib response in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(23):4342-9. PubMedDOI
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  19. Heinrich MC, Corless CL, Duensing A, McGreevey L, Chen CJ, Joseph N, et al. PDGFRA activating mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science. 2003;299(5607):708-10. PubMedDOI
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  20. Verweij J, Casali PG, Zalcberg J, LeCesne A, Reichardt P, Blay JY, et al. Progression-free survival in gastrointestinal stromal tumours with high-dose imatinib: randomised trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9440):1127-34. PubMedDOI
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  21. Meyers PA, Schwartz CL, Krailo M, Kleinerman ES, Betcher D, Bernstein ML, et al. Osteosarcoma: a randomized, prospective trial of the addition of ifosfamide and/or muramyl tripeptide to cisplatin, doxorubicin, and high-dose methotrexate. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(9):2004-11. PubMedDOI
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  22. Debiec-Rychter M, Sciot R, Le Cesne A, Schlemmer M, Hohenberger P, van Oosterom AT, et al. KIT mutations and dose selection for imatinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42(8):1093-103. PubMedDOI
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  23. Demetri GD, van Oosterom AT, Garrett CR, Blackstein ME, Shah MH, Verweij J, et al. Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;368(9544):1329-38. PubMedDOI
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  24. Ewing J. The Classic: Diffuse endothelioma of bone. Proceedings of the New York Pathological Society. 1921;12:17. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;450:25-7. PubMedDOI
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  25. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, CDER. Approval letter, NDA 21-588/S-011, S-012, S-013, S-014 and S-017, Gleevec (imatinib mesylate), Novartis. Electronically signed 19 October 2006; lists open Subpart H commitments, including those for GIST (NDA 21-335/001, approved February 1, 2002). Source
  26. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, CDER. Approval letter, NDA 21-938 (GIST after progression on or intolerance to imatinib) and NDA 21-968 (advanced renal cell carcinoma, accelerated approval), Sutent (sunitinib malate), Pfizer. Electronically signed 26 January 2006. Source
  27. Bhatia S, Krailo MD, Chen Z, Burden L, Askin FB, Dickman PS, et al. Therapy-related myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia after Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone: A report from the Children's Oncology Group. Blood. 2007;109(1):46-51. PubMedDOI
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  28. European Medicines Agency. Yondelis (trabectedin): European public assessment report (EPAR) page. Marketing authorisation issued 17/09/2007 under exceptional circumstances; the page states the exceptional circumstances ended on 27 May 2015. Page read 2026-10-21. Source
  29. Blanke CD, Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Heinrich MC, Eisenberg B, Fletcher JA, et al. Long-term results from a randomized phase II trial of standard- versus higher-dose imatinib mesylate for patients with unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors expressing KIT. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(4):620-5. PubMedDOI
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  30. Blanke CD, Rankin C, Demetri GD, Ryan CW, von Mehren M, Benjamin RS, et al. Phase III randomized, intergroup trial assessing imatinib mesylate at two dose levels in patients with unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors expressing the kit receptor tyrosine kinase: S0033. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(4):626-32. PubMedDOI
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  31. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, CDER. Approval letter, NDA 21-588/S-025, Gleevec (imatinib mesylate) tablets, Novartis; adjuvant treatment after complete gross resection of Kit (CD117) positive GIST, approved under the accelerated approval regulations (21 CFR 314.510). Electronically signed 19 December 2008. Source
  32. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, CDER. Approval letter, NDA 21-588/SE7-024, Gleevec (imatinib mesylate) tablets, Novartis; unresectable and/or metastatic malignant GIST (confirmatory studies). Electronically signed 26 September 2008. Source
  33. Meyers PA, Schwartz CL, Krailo MD, Healey JH, Bernstein ML, Betcher D, et al. Osteosarcoma: the addition of muramyl tripeptide to chemotherapy improves overall survival--a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(4):633-8. PubMedDOI
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  34. Dematteo RP, Ballman KV, Antonescu CR, Maki RG, Pisters PW, Demetri GD, et al. Adjuvant imatinib mesylate after resection of localised, primary gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9669):1097-104. PubMedDOI
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  35. European Medicines Agency. Mepact (mifamurtide): European public assessment report (EPAR) page, EMEA/H/C/000802. Marketing authorisation issued 06/03/2009; page last updated 16/09/2026. Page read 2026-10-21. Source
  36. European Medicines Agency. Assessment report for Mepact (mifamurtide), procedure EMEA/H/C/000802, document reference EMEA/CHMP/635781/2008. Document read 2026-10-21. Source
  37. Imran H, Enders F, Krailo M, Sim F, Okuno S, Hawkins D, et al. Effect of time to resumption of chemotherapy after definitive surgery on prognosis for non-metastatic osteosarcoma. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(3):604-12. PubMedDOI
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  38. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Meta-Analysis Group (MetaGIST). Comparison of two doses of imatinib for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a meta-analysis of 1,640 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(7):1247-53. PubMedDOI
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  39. Cripe TP. Ewing sarcoma: an eponym window to history. Sarcoma. 2011;2011:457532. PubMedDOI
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  40. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, NDA 022465/S-010/S-012 (Votrient, pazopanib), GlaxoSmithKline. Appended electronic signature page dated 26 April 2012. Source
  41. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, CDER. Replacement supplement approval letter, NDA 021588/S-035, Gleevec (imatinib mesylate) tablets, Novartis; proposes conversion of accelerated approval to full approval for adjuvant GIST; contains a 'SUBPART H FULFILLED' section. Corrected copy of the letter of 31 January 2012; the effective approval date remains 31 January 2012. Electronically signed 31 January 2012. Source
  42. Joensuu H, Eriksson M, Sundby Hall K, Hartmann JT, Pink D, Schütte J, et al. One vs three years of adjuvant imatinib for operable gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2012;307(12):1265-72. PubMedDOI
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  43. van der Graaf WT, Blay JY, Chawla SP, Kim DW, Bui-Nguyen B, Casali PG, et al. Pazopanib for metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma (PALETTE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9829):1879-86. PubMedDOI
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  44. Womer RB, West DC, Krailo MD, Dickman PS, Pawel BR, Grier HE, et al. Randomized controlled trial of interval-compressed chemotherapy for the treatment of localized Ewing sarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(33):4148-54. PubMedDOI
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  45. Demetri GD, Reichardt P, Kang YK, Blay JY, Rutkowski P, Gelderblom H, et al. Efficacy and safety of regorafenib for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours after failure of imatinib and sunitinib (GRID): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013;381(9863):295-302. PubMedDOI
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  46. European Medicines Agency. Mepact (mifamurtide): EPAR summary for the public. EMA/585593/2013, EMEA/H/C/000802; last updated 09-2013. States that the European Commission granted the marketing authorisation on 6 March 2009. Document read 2026-10-21. Source
  47. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, CDER. Approval letter, NDA 204369, Stivarga (regorafenib) tablets, Bayer HealthCare; locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic GIST previously treated with imatinib mesylate and sunitinib malate. Electronically signed 25 February 2013. Source
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  49. Bielack SS, Smeland S, Whelan JS, Marina N, Jovic G, Hook JM, et al. Methotrexate, Doxorubicin, and Cisplatin (MAP) Plus Maintenance Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b Versus MAP Alone in Patients With Resectable High-Grade Osteosarcoma and Good Histologic Response to Preoperative MAP: First Results of the EURAMOS-1 Good Response Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(20):2279-87. PubMedDOI
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  50. Casali PG, Le Cesne A, Poveda Velasco A, Kotasek D, Rutkowski P, Hohenberger P, et al. Time to Definitive Failure to the First Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Localized GI Stromal Tumors Treated With Imatinib As an Adjuvant: A European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group Intergroup Randomized Trial in Collaboration With the Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group, UNICANCER, French Sarcoma Group, Italian Sarcoma Group, and Spanish Group for Research on Sarcomas. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(36):4276-83. PubMedDOI
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  51. US Food and Drug Administration. Replacement NDA approval letter, NDA 207953 (Yondelis, trabectedin), Janssen Products. The letter states the effective approval date remains 23 October 2015, the date of the original letter. Source
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  53. Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Jones RL, Hensley ML, Schuetze SM, Staddon A, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Trabectedin or Dacarbazine for Metastatic Liposarcoma or Leiomyosarcoma After Failure of Conventional Chemotherapy: Results of a Phase III Randomized Multicenter Clinical Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(8):786-93. PubMedDOI
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  54. European Medicines Agency. Lartruvo (olaratumab): European public assessment report (EPAR) page. Opinion adopted 15/09/2016; marketing authorisation issued 09/11/2016 (conditional); revocation of marketing authorisation 22/07/2019, as printed on the page. Page read 2026-10-21. Source
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