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References: Oesophageal cancer

42 sources cited on this page. Links open the primary source.

  1. Herskovic A, Martz K, al-Sarraf M, Leichman L, Brindle J, Vaitkevicius V, et al. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in patients with cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(24):1593-8. PubMedDOI
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  2. Cooper JS, Guo MD, Herskovic A, Macdonald JS, Martenson JA Jr, Al-Sarraf M, et al. Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer: long-term follow-up of a prospective randomized trial (RTOG 85-01). Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. JAMA. 1999;281(17):1623-7. PubMedDOI
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  3. Lagergren J, Bergström R, Lindgren A, Nyrén O. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(11):825-31. PubMedDOI
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  4. Minsky BD, Pajak TF, Ginsberg RJ, Pisansky TM, Martenson J, Komaki R, et al. INT 0123 (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 94-05) phase III trial of combined-modality therapy for esophageal cancer: high-dose versus standard-dose radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(5):1167-74. PubMedDOI
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  5. Pohl H, Welch HG. The role of overdiagnosis and reclassification in the marked increase of esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(2):142-6. PubMedDOI
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  6. van Hagen P, Hulshof MC, van Lanschot JJ, Steyerberg EW, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Wijnhoven BP, et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(22):2074-84. PubMedDOI
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  7. Crosby T, Hurt CN, Falk S, Gollins S, Mukherjee S, Staffurth J, et al. Chemoradiotherapy with or without cetuximab in patients with oesophageal cancer (SCOPE1): a multicentre, phase 2/3 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(7):627-37. PubMedDOI
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  8. Shapiro J, van Lanschot JJB, Hulshof MCCM, van Hagen P, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Wijnhoven BPL, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for oesophageal or junctional cancer (CROSS): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(9):1090-1098. PubMedDOI
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  9. Hoeppner J, Lordick F, Brunner T, Glatz T, Bronsert P, Röthling N, et al. ESOPEC: prospective randomized controlled multicenter phase III trial comparing perioperative chemotherapy (FLOT protocol) to neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CROSS protocol) in patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (NCT02509286). BMC Cancer. 2016;16:503. PubMedDOI
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  10. Jankowski JAZ, de Caestecker J, Love SB, Reilly G, Watson P, Sanders S, et al. Esomeprazole and aspirin in Barrett's oesophagus (AspECT): a randomised factorial trial. Lancet. 2018;392(10145):400-408. PubMedDOI
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  11. FDA. Supplement approval letter, BLA 125514/S-55 and S-56 (Keytruda, pembrolizumab), e-signed 30 July 2019. Accessed 21 October 2026. Source
  12. FDA. Supplement approval letter, BLA 125554/S-081 (Opdivo, nivolumab), e-signed 10 June 2020. Accessed 21 October 2026. Source
  13. Fitzgerald RC, di Pietro M, O'Donovan M, Maroni R, Muldrew B, Debiram-Beecham I, et al. Cytosponge-trefoil factor 3 versus usual care to identify Barrett's oesophagus in a primary care setting: a multicentre, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;396(10247):333-344. PubMedDOI
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  14. Eyck BM, van Lanschot JJB, Hulshof MCCM, van der Wilk BJ, Shapiro J, van Hagen P, et al. Ten-Year Outcome of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Plus Surgery for Esophageal Cancer: The Randomized Controlled CROSS Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(18):1995-2004. PubMedDOI
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  15. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, BLA 125514/S-096, Keytruda (pembrolizumab), Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Electronic signature 22 March 2021. Source
  16. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, BLA 125554/S-092, Opdivo (nivolumab), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Electronic signature 20 May 2021; the same PDF carries a General Advice letter (signed 28 May 2021) correcting the submission date from 20 November 2021 to 20 November 2020. Source
  17. Kelly RJ, Ajani JA, Kuzdzal J, Zander T, Van Cutsem E, Piessen G, et al. Adjuvant Nivolumab in Resected Esophageal or Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(13):1191-1203. PubMedDOI
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  18. Sun JM, Shen L, Shah MA, Enzinger P, Adenis A, Doi T, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for first-line treatment of advanced oesophageal cancer (KEYNOTE-590): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2021;398(10302):759-771. PubMedDOI
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  19. Doki Y, Ajani JA, Kato K, Xu J, Wyrwicz L, Motoyama S, et al. Nivolumab Combination Therapy in Advanced Esophageal Squamous-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(5):449-462. PubMedDOI
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  20. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, BLA 125554/S-105, Opdivo (nivolumab), Bristol Myers Squibb Company. Electronic signature 27 May 2022. Source
  21. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, BLA 125554/S-106, Opdivo (nivolumab), Bristol Myers Squibb Company. Electronic signature 27 May 2022. Source
  22. Reynolds JV, Preston SR, O'Neill B, Lowery MA, Baeksgaard L, Crosby T, et al. Trimodality therapy versus perioperative chemotherapy in the management of locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and oesophagogastric junction (Neo-AEGIS): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;8(11):1015-1027. PubMedDOI
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  23. FDA. BLA approval letter, BLA 761232 (Tevimbra, tislelizumab-jsgr), e-signed 13 and 14 March 2024. Accessed 21 October 2026. Source
  24. FDA. BLA approval letter, BLA 761380 (Tevimbra, tislelizumab-jsgr), e-signed 3 March 2025. Accessed 21 October 2026. Source
  25. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, BLA 125514/S-182, Keytruda (pembrolizumab), Merck Sharp & Dohme, L.L.C. Electronic signature 22 May 2025. Source
  26. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, BLA 125554/S-133, Opdivo (nivolumab), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Electronic signature 23 May 2025. Source
  27. Hoeppner J, Schmoor C, Brunner T, Bronsert P, Plum PS, Nimczewski F, et al. Recurrence Patterns of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma in the Phase III ESOPEC Trial Comparing Perioperative Chemotherapy With Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2025;43(32):3451-3456. PubMedDOI
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  28. Hoeppner J, Brunner T, Schmoor C, Bronsert P, Kulemann B, Claus R, et al. Perioperative Chemotherapy or Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy in Esophageal Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(4):323-335. PubMedDOI
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  29. Metges JP, Kato K, Sun JM, Shen L, Enzinger PC, Adenis A, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy for advanced esophageal cancer: 5-year extended follow-up for the randomized phase III KEYNOTE-590 study. ESMO Open. 2025;10(12):105854. PubMedDOI
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  30. Old O, Jankowski J, Attwood S, Stokes C, Kendall C, Rasdell C, et al. Barrett's Oesophagus Surveillance Versus Endoscopy at Need Study (BOSS): A Randomized Controlled Trial. Gastroenterology. 2025;169(6):1233-1243.e8. PubMedDOI
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  31. van der Wilk BJ, Eyck BM, Wijnhoven BPL, Lagarde SM, Rosman C, Noordman BJ, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by active surveillance versus standard surgery for oesophageal cancer (SANO trial): a multicentre, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2025;26(4):425-436. PubMedDOI
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  32. Ajani JA, D'Amico TA, Bentrem DJ, Chakrabarti S, Corvera CU, Das P, et al. NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Esophageal and Esophagogastric Junction Cancers, Version 4.2026. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2026;24(9). PubMedDOI
  33. Al-Batran SE, Bencivenga M, Crosby T, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Huguet F, Lordick F, et al. Gastric and oesophageal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2026;. PubMedDOI
  34. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT00987857 (BOSS). Registry record, accessed 21 October 2026. NCT00987857
  35. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04210115 (KEYNOTE-975). Registry record, API v2, accessed 21 October 2026. NCT04210115
  36. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04460352 (NEEDS). Registry record, API v2, accessed 21 October 2026. NCT04460352
  37. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04550260 (KUNLUN). Registry record, API v2, accessed 21 October 2026. NCT04550260
  38. European Medicines Agency. Keytruda (pembrolizumab): European public assessment report page. Read 21 October 2026. Source
  39. European Medicines Agency. Opdivo (nivolumab): European public assessment report page. Fetched 20 October 2026. Source
  40. National Cancer Institute, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. SEER Cancer Stat Facts: Esophageal Cancer. Page accessed 21 October 2026 (raw HTML); the page displays no update date (its HTTP Last-Modified header and last_modified meta tag read 22 April 2026). Source
  41. Shah MA, Marzalik JS, Kennedy EB, Deighton D, Hamedi Z, Jhawer M, et al. Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy for Advanced Gastroesophageal Cancer: ASCO Living Guideline, Version 2026.1.2. J Clin Oncol. 2026;:JCO2601944. PubMedDOI
  42. Shah MA, Kennedy EB, Deighton D, Jhawer M, Kadakia KC, Mukherjee S, et al. Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy for Advanced Gastroesophageal Cancer: ASCO Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol. 2026;44(12):1145-1165. PubMedDOI