Skip to content
Bending the Curve Trial by Trial
?

Back to Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)

References: Kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)

110 sources cited on this page. Links open the primary source.

  1. ROBSON CJ. Radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1963;89:37-42. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  2. Robson CJ, Churchill BM, Anderson W. The results of radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1969;101(3):297-301. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. openFDA Drugs@FDA record, BLA 103293 (Proleukin, aldesleukin), submission ORIG 1 status date 5 May 1992. Accessed 20 October 2026. Source
  4. Latif F, Tory K, Gnarra J, Yao M, Duh FM, Orcutt ML, et al. Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene. Science. 1993;260(5112):1317-20. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  5. Gnarra JR, Tory K, Weng Y, Schmidt L, Wei MH, Li H, et al. Mutations of the VHL tumour suppressor gene in renal carcinoma. Nat Genet. 1994;7(1):85-90. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  6. Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Topalian SL, Schwartzentruber DJ, Weber JS, Parkinson DR, et al. Treatment of 283 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer using high-dose bolus interleukin 2. JAMA. 1994;271(12):907-13. PubMed
    CiteLoading…
  7. Fyfe G, Fisher RI, Rosenberg SA, Sznol M, Parkinson DR, Louie AC. Results of treatment of 255 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13(3):688-96. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Approval letter, aldesleukin (Proleukin), Chiron Corporation. 9 January 1998. Source
  9. Maxwell PH, Wiesener MS, Chang GW, Clifford SC, Vaux EC, Cockman ME, et al. The tumour suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygen-dependent proteolysis. Nature. 1999;399(6733):271-5. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  10. Medical Research Council Renal Cancer Collaborators. Interferon-alpha and survival in metastatic renal carcinoma: early results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9146):14-7. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  11. Flanigan RC, Salmon SE, Blumenstein BA, Bearman SI, Roy V, McGrath PC, et al. Nephrectomy followed by interferon alfa-2b compared with interferon alfa-2b alone for metastatic renal-cell cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(23):1655-9. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  12. Mickisch GH, Garin A, van Poppel H, de Prijck L, Sylvester R. Radical nephrectomy plus interferon-alfa-based immunotherapy compared with interferon alfa alone in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;358(9286):966-70. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  13. Robson CJ, Churchill BM, Anderson W. The results of radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. 1969. J Urol. 2002;167(2 Pt 2):873-5; discussion 876-7. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  14. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Approval letter, NDA 21-923, Nexavar (sorafenib), Bayer Pharmaceuticals. Electronically signed 20 December 2005. Source
  15. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Approval letter, NDA 21-938 and NDA 21-968, Sutent (sunitinib malate), Pfizer. Electronically signed 26 January 2006. Source
  16. Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, Szczylik C, Oudard S, Siebels M, et al. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(2):125-34. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  17. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Supplement approval letter, NDA 21-938/S-002 to S-005 and NDA 21-968/S-002 to S-006, Sutent (sunitinib malate), Pfizer. Electronically signed 2 February 2007. Source
  18. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Approval letter, NDA 22-088, Torisel (temsirolimus), Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. Electronically signed 30 May 2007. Source
  19. Hudes G, Carducci M, Tomczak P, Dutcher J, Figlin R, Kapoor A, et al. Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(22):2271-81. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  20. Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, Michaelson MD, Bukowski RM, Rixe O, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(2):115-24. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  21. Motzer RJ, Escudier B, Oudard S, Hutson TE, Porta C, Bracarda S, et al. Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9637):449-56. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  22. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Approval letter, NDA 22-334, Afinitor (everolimus), Novartis Pharmaceuticals. Electronically signed 30 March 2009. Source
  23. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Approval letter, NDA 022465, Votrient (pazopanib), GlaxoSmithKline. Electronically signed 19 October 2009. Source
  24. Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, Michaelson MD, Bukowski RM, Oudard S, et al. Overall survival and updated results for sunitinib compared with interferon alfa in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(22):3584-90. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  25. Sternberg CN, Davis ID, Mardiak J, Szczylik C, Lee E, Wagstaff J, et al. Pazopanib in locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(6):1061-8. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  26. Van Poppel H, Da Pozzo L, Albrecht W, Matveev V, Bono A, Borkowski A, et al. A prospective, randomised EORTC intergroup phase 3 study comparing the oncologic outcome of elective nephron-sparing surgery and radical nephrectomy for low-stage renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol. 2011;59(4):543-52. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  27. Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Cella D, Reeves J, Hawkins R, Guo J, et al. Pazopanib versus sunitinib in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(8):722-31. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  28. Scosyrev E, Messing EM, Sylvester R, Campbell S, Van Poppel H. Renal function after nephron-sparing surgery versus radical nephrectomy: results from EORTC randomized trial 30904. Eur Urol. 2014;65(2):372-7. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  29. Choueiri TK, Escudier B, Powles T, Mainwaring PN, Rini BI, Donskov F, et al. Cabozantinib versus Everolimus in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(19):1814-23. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  30. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. supplement approval letter, BLA 125554/S-012, Opdivo (nivolumab). e-signed 23 November 2015. Source
  31. Motzer RJ, Escudier B, McDermott DF, George S, Hammers HJ, Srinivas S, et al. Nivolumab versus Everolimus in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(19):1803-13. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  32. Alva A, Daniels GA, Wong MK, Kaufman HL, Morse MA, McDermott DF, et al. Contemporary experience with high-dose interleukin-2 therapy and impact on survival in patients with metastatic melanoma and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2016;65(12):1533-1544. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  33. Choueiri TK, Escudier B, Powles T, Tannir NM, Mainwaring PN, Rini BI, et al. Cabozantinib versus everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma (METEOR): final results from a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(7):917-927. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  34. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Approval letter, NDA 208692, Cabometyx (cabozantinib), Exelixis. Electronically signed 25 April 2016. Source
  35. Haas NB, Manola J, Uzzo RG, Flaherty KT, Wood CG, Kane C, et al. Adjuvant sunitinib or sorafenib for high-risk, non-metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (ECOG-ACRIN E2805): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10032):2008-16. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  36. Ravaud A, Motzer RJ, Pandha HS, George DJ, Pantuck AJ, Patel A, et al. Adjuvant Sunitinib in High-Risk Renal-Cell Carcinoma after Nephrectomy. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(23):2246-2254. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  37. Choueiri TK, Halabi S, Sanford BL, Hahn O, Michaelson MD, Walsh MK, et al. Cabozantinib Versus Sunitinib As Initial Targeted Therapy for Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma of Poor or Intermediate Risk: The Alliance A031203 CABOSUN Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(6):591-597. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  38. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Supplement approval letter, NDA 208692/S-002, Cabometyx (cabozantinib), Exelixis. Electronically signed 19 December 2017. Source
  39. FDA. Supplement approval letter, NDA 021938/S-033 (Sutent, sunitinib malate), C.P. Pharmaceuticals International C.V.; e-signed 16 November 2017. Source
  40. Motzer RJ, Haas NB, Donskov F, Gross-Goupil M, Varlamov S, Kopyltsov E, et al. Randomized Phase III Trial of Adjuvant Pazopanib Versus Placebo After Nephrectomy in Patients With Localized or Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(35):3916-3923. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  41. Robson CJ, Churchill BM, Anderson W. The Results of Radical Nephrectomy for Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Urol. 2017;197(2S):S111-S113. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  42. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. supplement approval letter, BLA 125554/S-058, Opdivo (nivolumab). e-signed 16 April 2018. Source
  43. Méjean A, Ravaud A, Thezenas S, Colas S, Beauval JB, Bensalah K, et al. Sunitinib Alone or after Nephrectomy in Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(5):417-427. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  44. Motzer RJ, Tannir NM, McDermott DF, Arén Frontera O, Melichar B, Choueiri TK, et al. Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab versus Sunitinib in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(14):1277-1290. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  45. Bex A, Mulders P, Jewett M, Wagstaff J, van Thienen JV, Blank CU, et al. Comparison of Immediate vs Deferred Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in Patients With Synchronous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Receiving Sunitinib: The SURTIME Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(2):164-170. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  46. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. supplement approval letter, BLA 125514/S-054, Keytruda (pembrolizumab). e-signed 19 April 2019. Source
  47. Nobel Prize Outreach. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019. Nobel Prize API record (api.nobelprize.org/2.1/nobelPrize/med/2019): date awarded 2019-10-07; laureates William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza. Source
  48. Rini BI, Plimack ER, Stus V, Gafanov R, Hawkins R, Nosov D, et al. Pembrolizumab plus Axitinib versus Sunitinib for Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(12):1116-1127. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  49. Eisen T, Frangou E, Oza B, Ritchie AWS, Smith B, Kaplan R, et al. Adjuvant Sorafenib for Renal Cell Carcinoma at Intermediate or High Risk of Relapse: Results From the SORCE Randomized Phase III Intergroup Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(34):4064-4075. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  50. Motzer RJ, Escudier B, George S, Hammers HJ, Srinivas S, Tykodi SS, et al. Nivolumab versus everolimus in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: Updated results with long-term follow-up of the randomized, open-label, phase 3 CheckMate 025 trial. Cancer. 2020;126(18):4156-4167. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  51. Powles T, Plimack ER, Soulières D, Waddell T, Stus V, Gafanov R, et al. Pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib monotherapy as first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (KEYNOTE-426): extended follow-up from a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(12):1563-1573. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  52. Choueiri TK, Powles T, Burotto M, Escudier B, Bourlon MT, Zurawski B, et al. Nivolumab plus Cabozantinib versus Sunitinib for Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(9):829-841. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  53. Choueiri TK, Tomczak P, Park SH, Venugopal B, Ferguson T, Chang YH, et al. Adjuvant Pembrolizumab after Nephrectomy in Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(8):683-694. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  54. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. supplement approval letter, NDA 208692/S-010, Cabometyx (cabozantinib). e-signed 22 January 2021. Source
  55. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. supplement approval letter, BLA 125514/S-102, Keytruda (pembrolizumab). e-signed 10 August 2021. Source
  56. FDA. Supplement approval letter, BLA 125514/S-113 (Keytruda, pembrolizumab), Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.; e-signed 17 November 2021. Source
  57. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. supplement approval letter, NDA 206947/S-019, Lenvima (lenvatinib). e-signed 10 August 2021. Source
  58. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. supplement approval letter, BLA 125554/S-090, Opdivo (nivolumab). e-signed 22 January 2021. Source
  59. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. new drug application approval letter, NDA 215383, Welireg (belzutifan). e-signed 13 August 2021. Source
  60. Jonasch E, Donskov F, Iliopoulos O, Rathmell WK, Narayan VK, Maughan BL, et al. Belzutifan for Renal Cell Carcinoma in von Hippel-Lindau Disease. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(22):2036-2046. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  61. Motzer RJ, Russo P, Haas N, Doehn C, Donskov F, Gross-Goupil M, et al. Adjuvant Pazopanib Versus Placebo After Nephrectomy in Patients With Localized or Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Final Overall Survival Analysis of the Phase 3 PROTECT Trial. Eur Urol. 2021;79(3):334-338. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  62. Motzer R, Alekseev B, Rha SY, Porta C, Eto M, Powles T, et al. Lenvatinib plus Pembrolizumab or Everolimus for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(14):1289-1300. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  63. FDA. Supplement approval letter, NDA 208692/S-014 (Cabometyx, cabozantinib), e-signed 14 July 2022. Source
  64. FDA. Supplement approval letter, BLA 125554/S-114 (Opdivo, nivolumab), e-signed 14 July 2022. Source
  65. Motzer RJ, Powles T, Burotto M, Escudier B, Bourlon MT, Shah AY, et al. Nivolumab plus cabozantinib versus sunitinib in first-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma (CheckMate 9ER): long-term follow-up results from an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2022;23(7):888-898. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  66. Pal SK, Uzzo R, Karam JA, Master VA, Donskov F, Suarez C, et al. Adjuvant atezolizumab versus placebo for patients with renal cell carcinoma at increased risk of recurrence following resection (IMmotion010): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2022;400(10358):1103-1116. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  67. Rathmell WK, Rumble RB, Van Veldhuizen PJ, Al-Ahmadie H, Emamekhoo H, Hauke RJ, et al. Management of Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: ASCO Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(25):2957-2995. PubMedDOI
  68. FDA. FDA approves belzutifan for advanced renal cell carcinoma. Notice, 14 December 2023. Source
  69. FDA. Oncology (Cancer)/Hematologic Malignancies Approval Notifications. Internet Archive capture of 21 January 2023 (page content current as of 19 January 2023), fetched 21 October 2026. Source
  70. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Proleukin (aldesleukin) for injection, prescribing information, BLA 103293, revised 9/2023. The label gives 'Initial U.S. Approval: 1992' and lists metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma as indications. Source
  71. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. supplement approval letter, NDA 215383/S-006, Welireg (belzutifan). e-signed 14 December 2023. Source
  72. Motzer RJ, Russo P, Grünwald V, Tomita Y, Zurawski B, Parikh O, et al. Adjuvant nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus placebo for localised renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy (CheckMate 914): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023;401(10379):821-832. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  73. Allaf ME, Kim SE, Master V, McDermott DF, Harshman LC, Cole SM, et al. Perioperative nivolumab versus observation in patients with renal cell carcinoma undergoing nephrectomy (PROSPER ECOG-ACRIN EA8143): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2024;25(8):1038-1052. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  74. Choueiri TK, Tomczak P, Park SH, Venugopal B, Ferguson T, Symeonides SN, et al. Overall Survival with Adjuvant Pembrolizumab in Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(15):1359-1371. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  75. Choueiri TK, Powles T, Peltola K, de Velasco G, Burotto M, Suarez C, et al. Belzutifan versus Everolimus for Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(8):710-721. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  76. FDA. Corrected BLA approval letter, BLA 761381 (Opdivo Qvantig, nivolumab and hyaluronidase-nvhy), e-signed 2 January 2025; effective action date 27 December 2024 per the letter. Source
  77. Motzer RJ, Porta C, Eto M, Powles T, Grünwald V, Hutson TE, et al. Lenvatinib Plus Pembrolizumab Versus Sunitinib in First-Line Treatment of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Final Prespecified Overall Survival Analysis of CLEAR, a Phase III Study. J Clin Oncol. 2024;42(11):1222-1228. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  78. Motzer RJ, Jonasch E, Agarwal N, Alva A, Bagshaw H, Baine M, et al. NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Kidney Cancer, Version 2.2024. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2024;22(1):4-16. PubMedDOI
  79. Powles T, Albiges L, Bex A, Comperat E, Grünwald V, Kanesvaran R, et al. Renal cell carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2024;35(8):692-706. PubMedDOI
  80. Tannir NM, Albigès L, McDermott DF, Burotto M, Choueiri TK, Hammers HJ, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib for first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma: extended 8-year follow-up results of efficacy and safety from the phase III CheckMate 214 trial. Ann Oncol. 2024;35(11):1026-1038. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  81. Bex A, Ghanem YA, Albiges L, Bonn S, Campi R, Capitanio U, et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Renal Cell Carcinoma: The 2025 Update. Eur Urol. 2025;87(6):683-696. PubMedDOI
  82. FDA. BLA approval letter, BLA 761467/Original 1 (Keytruda Qlex, pembrolizumab and berahyaluronidase alfa-pmph), e-signed 19 September 2025. Source
  83. Rini BI, Plimack ER, Stus V, Gafanov R, Waddell T, Nosov D, et al. Pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib for advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma: 5-year survival and biomarker analyses of the phase 3 KEYNOTE-426 trial. Nat Med. 2025;31(10):3475-3484. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  84. Srinivasan R, Iliopoulos O, Beckermann KE, Narayan V, Maughan BL, Oudard S, et al. Belzutifan for von Hippel-Lindau disease-associated renal cell carcinoma and other neoplasms (LITESPARK-004): 50 months follow-up from a single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2025;26(5):571-582. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  85. Choueiri TK, Albigès L, McDermott DF, Hammers HJ, Escudier B, Burotto M, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib for first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma: final analysis of efficacy and safety from the phase III CheckMate 214 trial. Ann Oncol. 2026;37(7):960-973. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  86. Choueiri TK, Motzer RJ, Karam JA, Yip W, Suárez C, Ye D, et al. Adjuvant Pembrolizumab plus Belzutifan for Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2026;395(1):32-43. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  87. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT00930033 (CARMENA). Registry record, accessed 20 October 2026. NCT00930033
  88. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT03141177. Registry record (participant flow and results), accessed 20 October 2026. NCT03141177
  89. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT03288532 (RAMPART). Registry record, API v2, accessed 21 October 2026. NCT03288532
  90. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT03793166 (PDIGREE). Registry record, API v2, accessed 21 October 2026. NCT03793166
  91. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04195750. Registry record (participant flow and results), accessed 20 October 2026. NCT04195750
  92. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04510597 (PROBE). Registry record, API v2, accessed 21 October 2026. NCT04510597
  93. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04736706 (LITESPARK-012). Registry record, API v2, accessed 21 October 2026. NCT04736706
  94. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT05678673 (STELLAR-304). Registry record, API v2, accessed 21 October 2026. NCT05678673
  95. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT07011719 (PEAK-1). Registry record, API v2, accessed 21 October 2026. NCT07011719
  96. European Medicines Agency. Cabometyx (cabozantinib): European public assessment report page. Fetched 21 October 2026. Source
  97. European Medicines Agency. Fotivda (tivozanib): European public assessment report page. Fetched 21 October 2026. Source
  98. European Medicines Agency. Keytruda (pembrolizumab): European public assessment report page. Fetched 21 October 2026. Source
  99. European Medicines Agency. Kisplyx (lenvatinib): European public assessment report page. Fetched 21 October 2026. Source
  100. European Medicines Agency. Opdivo (nivolumab): European public assessment report page. Fetched 21 October 2026. Source
  101. European Medicines Agency. Welireg (belzutifan): European public assessment report page. Fetched 20 October 2026; page last updated 14 October 2026. Source
  102. European Medicines Agency. Welireg: EPAR - Procedural steps taken and scientific information after authorisation. Fetched 20 October 2026. Source
  103. FDA. FDA approves belzutifan in combination with lenvatinib for advanced renal cell carcinoma with a clear cell component. Notice, 24 September 2026. Source
  104. FDA. Supplement approval letter, BLA 761467/S-009 (Keytruda Qlex, pembrolizumab and berahyaluronidase alfa-pmph), e-signed 12 June 2026. Source
  105. FDA. Oncology (Cancer)/Hematologic Malignancies Approval Notifications. Page fetched 21 October 2026 (content current as of 19 October 2026); the table read covers January 2023 onward and states that FDA does not issue approval announcements for every approval or label update. Source
  106. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. supplement approval letter, NDA 215383/S-013, Welireg (belzutifan). e-signed 24 September 2026. Source
  107. FDA. Supplement approval letter, NDA 215383/S-015 (Welireg, belzutifan), Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC; e-signed 12 June 2026. Source
  108. McKay RR, Ajmera A, Atkins MB, Barata PC, Bergerot C, Bukavina L, et al. Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immunotherapy for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, version 3.0. J Immunother Cancer. 2026;14(3). PubMedDOI
  109. Motzer RJ, McDermott R, Park SH, Burotto M, Iacovelli R, Verzoni E, et al. Belzutifan plus lenvatinib versus cabozantinib in patients with previously treated advanced renal cell carcinoma (LITESPARK-011): an open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2026;408(10557):808-820. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  110. National Cancer Institute, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. SEER Cancer Stat Facts: Kidney and Renal Pelvis Cancer. Page fetched as raw HTML on 20 and 21 October 2026; the page displays no update date (its HTTP Last-Modified header read 22 April 2026). Source