Skip to content
Bending the Curve Trial by Trial
?

Back to Colon cancer

References: Colon cancer

261 sources cited on this page. Links open the primary source.

  1. HEIDELBERGER C, CHAUDHURI NK, DANNEBERG P, MOOREN D, GRIESBACH L, DUSCHINSKY R, et al. Fluorinated pyrimidines, a new class of tumour-inhibitory compounds. Nature. 1957;179(4561):663-6. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA data via openFDA, application NDA012209 (fluorouracil), submission ORIG 1 status date 1962-04-25. Indication text not read. Source
  3. Lynch HT, Krush AJ. Cancer family "G" revisited: 1895-1970. Cancer. 1971;27(6):1505-11. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  4. Morson B. President's address. The polyp-cancer sequence in the large bowel. Proc R Soc Med. 1974;67(6 Pt 1):451-7. PubMed
    CiteLoading…
  5. Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, Kern SE, Preisinger AC, Leppert M, et al. Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(9):525-32. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  6. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell. 1990;61(5):759-67. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  7. Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS, Haller DG, Laurie JA, Goodman PJ, et al. Levamisole and fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(6):352-8. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA data via openFDA, application NDA020035 (Ergamisol, levamisole), submission ORIG 1 status date 1990-06-18. Indication text not read. Source
  9. Aaltonen LA, Peltomäki P, Leach FS, Sistonen P, Pylkkänen L, Mecklin JP, et al. Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science. 1993;260(5109):812-6. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  10. Fishel R, Lescoe MK, Rao MR, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Garber J, et al. The human mutator gene homolog MSH2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Cell. 1993;75(5):1027-38. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  11. Leach FS, Nicolaides NC, Papadopoulos N, Liu B, Jen J, Parsons R, et al. Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cell. 1993;75(6):1215-25. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  12. Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR, Snover DC, Bradley GM, Schuman LM, et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(19):1365-71. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  13. Peltomäki P, Aaltonen LA, Sistonen P, Pylkkänen L, Mecklin JP, Järvinen H, et al. Genetic mapping of a locus predisposing to human colorectal cancer. Science. 1993;260(5109):810-2. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  14. Thibodeau SN, Bren G, Schaid D. Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science. 1993;260(5109):816-9. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  15. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN, O'Brien MJ, Gottlieb LS, Sternberg SS, et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. The National Polyp Study Workgroup. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(27):1977-81. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  16. Bronner CE, Baker SM, Morrison PT, Warren G, Smith LG, Lescoe MK, et al. Mutation in the DNA mismatch repair gene homologue hMLH1 is associated with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer. Nature. 1994;368(6468):258-61. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  17. International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT) investigators. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in colon cancer. Lancet. 1995;345(8955):939-44. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  18. Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS, Haller DG, Laurie JA, Tangen CM, et al. Fluorouracil plus levamisole as effective adjuvant therapy after resection of stage III colon carcinoma: a final report. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122(5):321-6. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  19. Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH, Moss SM, Amar SS, Balfour TW, et al. Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet. 1996;348(9040):1472-7. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  20. Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J, Jørgensen OD, Søndergaard O. Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet. 1996;348(9040):1467-71. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  21. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Camptosar (irinotecan hydrochloride injection), NDA 20-571/S-008, Pharmacia & Upjohn; letter dated 22 October 1998 (date stamp on the scanned letter; the letter also gives 22 October 1998 as the user-fee goal date). Source
  22. International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of B2 Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT B2) Investigators. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in B2 colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(5):1356-63. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  23. de Gramont A, Figer A, Seymour M, Homerin M, Hmissi A, Cassidy J, et al. Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(16):2938-47. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  24. Douillard JY, Cunningham D, Roth AD, Navarro M, James RD, Karasek P, et al. Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;355(9209):1041-7. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  25. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Camptosar (irinotecan hydrochloride injection), NDA 20-571/S-009, Pharmacia & Upjohn; letter dated 20 April 2000. Source
  26. Giacchetti S, Perpoint B, Zidani R, Le Bail N, Faggiuolo R, Focan C, et al. Phase III multicenter randomized trial of oxaliplatin added to chronomodulated fluorouracil-leucovorin as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(1):136-47. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  27. Saltz LB, Cox JV, Blanke C, Rosen LS, Fehrenbacher L, Moore MJ, et al. Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. Irinotecan Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(13):905-14. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  28. US Food and Drug Administration. Approval letter, Eloxatin (oxaliplatin) for Injection, NDA 21-492, Sanofi-Synthelabo, Inc.; electronically signed 9 August 2002. Source
  29. Longley DB, Harkin DP, Johnston PG. 5-fluorouracil: mechanisms of action and clinical strategies. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3(5):330-8. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  30. Ribic CM, Sargent DJ, Moore MJ, Thibodeau SN, French AJ, Goldberg RM, et al. Tumor microsatellite-instability status as a predictor of benefit from fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(3):247-57. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  31. André T, Boni C, Mounedji-Boudiaf L, Navarro M, Tabernero J, Hickish T, et al. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(23):2343-51. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  32. Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Therapy Study Group, Nelson H, Sargent DJ, Wieand HS, Fleshman J, Anvari M, et al. A comparison of laparoscopically assisted and open colectomy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(20):2050-9. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  33. Cunningham D, Humblet Y, Siena S, Khayat D, Bleiberg H, Santoro A, et al. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(4):337-45. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  34. US Food and Drug Administration. Approval letter, Avastin (bevacizumab), STN BL 125085/0, Genentech, Incorporated; letter dated 26 February 2004 (scanned document, read by optical character recognition). Source
  35. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, NDA 21-492/S-004 and S-005, Eloxatin (oxaliplatin). Signed 4 November 2004. Source
  36. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Eloxatin (oxaliplatin) for Injection, NDA 21-492/S-002, Sanofi-Synthelabo, Inc.; electronically signed 9 January 2004. Source
  37. US Food and Drug Administration. Biologics licence letter, Erbitux (cetuximab), STN BL 125084/0, ImClone Systems, Incorporated; letter dated 12 February 2004 (scanned document, read by optical character recognition). Source
  38. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, Cartwright T, Hainsworth J, Heim W, et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(23):2335-42. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  39. Douglas JA, Gruber SB, Meister KA, Bonner J, Watson P, Krush AJ, et al. History and molecular genetics of Lynch syndrome in family G: a century later. JAMA. 2005;294(17):2195-202. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  40. European Medicines Agency. Xeloda: EPAR, procedural steps taken and scientific information after the authorisation. Variation II/0009, extension of indication to the adjuvant treatment of patients following surgery of stage III (Dukes' stage C) colon cancer: opinion 17/02/2005, Commission decision 30/03/2005 (column order confirmed from the table header). PDF read 22 October 2026. Source
  41. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, NDA 20-896/S-016, Xeloda (capecitabine), Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Electronic signature dated 15 June 2005. Source
  42. Guillou PJ, Quirke P, Thorpe H, Walker J, Jayne DG, Smith AM, et al. Short-term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic-assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (MRC CLASICC trial): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365(9472):1718-26. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  43. Twelves C, Wong A, Nowacki MP, Abt M, Burris H 3rd, Carrato A, et al. Capecitabine as adjuvant treatment for stage III colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(26):2696-704. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  44. Veldkamp R, Kuhry E, Hop WC, Jeekel J, Kazemier G, Bonjer HJ, et al. Laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer: short-term outcomes of a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6(7):477-84. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  45. US Food and Drug Administration. Biologics licence letter, Vectibix (panitumumab), STN BL 125147/0, Amgen, Incorporated; letter dated 27 September 2006. Source
  46. Lièvre A, Bachet JB, Le Corre D, Boige V, Landi B, Emile JF, et al. KRAS mutation status is predictive of response to cetuximab therapy in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 2006;66(8):3992-5. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  47. Tournigand C, Cervantes A, Figer A, Lledo G, Flesch M, Buyse M, et al. OPTIMOX1: a randomized study of FOLFOX4 or FOLFOX7 with oxaliplatin in a stop-and-Go fashion in advanced colorectal cancer--a GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(3):394-400. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  48. Falcone A, Ricci S, Brunetti I, Pfanner E, Allegrini G, Barbara C, et al. Phase III trial of infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) compared with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: the Gruppo Oncologico Nord Ovest. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(13):1670-6. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  49. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Erbitux (cetuximab), STN BL 125084/103, ImClone Systems, Incorporated; letter dated 2 October 2007 (scanned document, read by optical character recognition). Source
  50. Fleshman J, Sargent DJ, Green E, Anvari M, Stryker SJ, Beart RW Jr, et al. Laparoscopic colectomy for cancer is not inferior to open surgery based on 5-year data from the COST Study Group trial. Ann Surg. 2007;246(4):655-62; discussion 662-4. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  51. Jayne DG, Guillou PJ, Thorpe H, Quirke P, Copeland J, Smith AM, et al. Randomized trial of laparoscopic-assisted resection of colorectal carcinoma: 3-year results of the UK MRC CLASICC Trial Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(21):3061-8. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  52. Jonker DJ, O'Callaghan CJ, Karapetis CS, Zalcberg JR, Tu D, Au HJ, et al. Cetuximab for the treatment of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(20):2040-8. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  53. Kuebler JP, Wieand HS, O'Connell MJ, Smith RE, Colangelo LH, Yothers G, et al. Oxaliplatin combined with weekly bolus fluorouracil and leucovorin as surgical adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II and III colon cancer: results from NSABP C-07. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(16):2198-204. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  54. Quasar Collaborative Group, Gray R, Barnwell J, McConkey C, Hills RK, Williams NS, Kerr DJ. Adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation in patients with colorectal cancer: a randomised study. Lancet. 2007;370(9604):2020-9. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  55. Van Cutsem E, Peeters M, Siena S, Humblet Y, Hendlisz A, Neyns B, et al. Open-label phase III trial of panitumumab plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(13):1658-64. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  56. Amado RG, Wolf M, Peeters M, Van Cutsem E, Siena S, Freeman DJ, et al. Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(10):1626-34. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  57. Courneya KS, Booth CM, Gill S, O'Brien P, Vardy J, Friedenreich CM, et al. The Colon Health and Life-Long Exercise Change trial: a randomized trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Curr Oncol. 2008;15(6):279-85. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  58. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Vectibix (panitumumab), STN BL 125147/26, Amgen, Incorporated; letter dated 23 June 2008. The letter restates the accelerated-approval (Subpart E) status of the 27 September 2006 approval. Source
  59. Hampel H, Frankel WL, Martin E, Arnold M, Khanduja K, Kuebler P, et al. Feasibility of screening for Lynch syndrome among patients with colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(35):5783-8. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  60. Karapetis CS, Khambata-Ford S, Jonker DJ, O'Callaghan CJ, Tu D, Tebbutt NC, et al. K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(17):1757-65. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  61. Nordlinger B, Sorbye H, Glimelius B, Poston GJ, Schlag PM, Rougier P, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy with FOLFOX4 and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC Intergroup trial 40983): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9617):1007-16. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  62. André T, Boni C, Navarro M, Tabernero J, Hickish T, Topham C, et al. Improved overall survival with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment in stage II or III colon cancer in the MOSAIC trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(19):3109-16. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  63. Colon Cancer Laparoscopic or Open Resection Study Group, Buunen M, Veldkamp R, Hop WC, Kuhry E, Jeekel J, et al. Survival after laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer: long-term outcome of a randomised clinical trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(1):44-52. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  64. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Erbitux (cetuximab), STN BL 125084/167, ImClone Systems, Incorporated; labeling revision on lack of efficacy in KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer. The copy read carries no date line; the Drugs@FDA history page lists this supplement on 07/17/2009. Source
  65. Van Cutsem E, Köhne CH, Hitre E, Zaluski J, Chang Chien CR, Makhson A, et al. Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(14):1408-17. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  66. Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I, Wooldrage K, Hart AR, Northover JM, et al. Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375(9726):1624-33. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  67. Douillard JY, Siena S, Cassidy J, Tabernero J, Burkes R, Barugel M, et al. Randomized, phase III trial of panitumumab with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) versus FOLFOX4 alone as first-line treatment in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer: the PRIME study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(31):4697-705. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  68. Jayne DG, Thorpe HC, Copeland J, Quirke P, Brown JM, Guillou PJ. Five-year follow-up of the Medical Research Council CLASICC trial of laparoscopically assisted versus open surgery for colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2010;97(11):1638-45. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  69. Kaminski MF, Regula J, Kraszewska E, Polkowski M, Wojciechowska U, Didkowska J, et al. Quality indicators for colonoscopy and the risk of interval cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(19):1795-803. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  70. Sargent DJ, Marsoni S, Monges G, Thibodeau SN, Labianca R, Hamilton SR, et al. Defective mismatch repair as a predictive marker for lack of efficacy of fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy in colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(20):3219-26. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  71. Adams RA, Meade AM, Seymour MT, Wilson RH, Madi A, Fisher D, et al. Intermittent versus continuous oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine combination chemotherapy for first-line treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: results of the randomised phase 3 MRC COIN trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(7):642-53. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  72. Allegra CJ, Yothers G, O'Connell MJ, Sharif S, Petrelli NJ, Colangelo LH, et al. Phase III trial assessing bevacizumab in stages II and III carcinoma of the colon: results of NSABP protocol C-08. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(1):11-6. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  73. Bokemeyer C, Bondarenko I, Hartmann JT, de Braud F, Schuch G, Zubel A, et al. Efficacy according to biomarker status of cetuximab plus FOLFOX-4 as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: the OPUS study. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(7):1535-1546. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  74. Fearon ER. Molecular genetics of colorectal cancer. Annu Rev Pathol. 2011;6:479-507. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  75. Maughan TS, Adams RA, Smith CG, Meade AM, Seymour MT, Wilson RH, et al. Addition of cetuximab to oxaliplatin-based first-line combination chemotherapy for treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: results of the randomised phase 3 MRC COIN trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9783):2103-14. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  76. Segnan N, Armaroli P, Bonelli L, Risio M, Sciallero S, Zappa M, et al. Once-only sigmoidoscopy in colorectal cancer screening: follow-up findings of the Italian Randomized Controlled Trial--SCORE. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(17):1310-22. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  77. Alberts SR, Sargent DJ, Nair S, Mahoney MR, Mooney M, Thibodeau SN, et al. Effect of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin with or without cetuximab on survival among patients with resected stage III colon cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2012;307(13):1383-93. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  78. de Gramont A, Van Cutsem E, Schmoll HJ, Tabernero J, Clarke S, Moore MJ, et al. Bevacizumab plus oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer (AVANT): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(12):1225-33. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  79. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Erbitux (cetuximab), BLA 125084/225, ImClone LLC; electronically signed 6 July 2012. Subpart E fulfilment and K-ras mutation-negative indication. Source
  80. US Food and Drug Administration. NDA approval letter, Stivarga (regorafenib) tablets, NDA 203085, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; electronically signed 27 September 2012. Source
  81. Quintero E, Castells A, Bujanda L, Cubiella J, Salas D, Lanas Á, et al. Colonoscopy versus fecal immunochemical testing in colorectal-cancer screening. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(8):697-706. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  82. Schoen RE, Pinsky PF, Weissfeld JL, Yokochi LA, Church T, Laiyemo AO, et al. Colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality with screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(25):2345-57. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  83. Scholefield JH, Moss SM, Mangham CM, Whynes DK, Hardcastle JD. Nottingham trial of faecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer: a 20-year follow-up. Gut. 2012;61(7):1036-40. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  84. Twelves C, Scheithauer W, McKendrick J, Seitz JF, Van Hazel G, Wong A, et al. Capecitabine versus 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer: final results from the X-ACT trial with analysis by age and preliminary evidence of a pharmacodynamic marker of efficacy. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(5):1190-1197. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  85. Zauber AG, Winawer SJ, O'Brien MJ, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, van Ballegooijen M, Hankey BF, et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(8):687-96. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  86. Douillard JY, Oliner KS, Siena S, Tabernero J, Burkes R, Barugel M, et al. Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(11):1023-34. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  87. Grothey A, Van Cutsem E, Sobrero A, Siena S, Falcone A, Ychou M, et al. Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013;381(9863):303-12. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  88. Nordlinger B, Sorbye H, Glimelius B, Poston GJ, Schlag PM, Rougier P, et al. Perioperative FOLFOX4 chemotherapy and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC 40983): long-term results of a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(12):1208-15. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  89. Shaukat A, Mongin SJ, Geisser MS, Lederle FA, Bond JH, Mandel JS, et al. Long-term mortality after screening for colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(12):1106-14. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  90. Corley DA, Jensen CD, Marks AR, Zhao WK, Lee JK, Doubeni CA, et al. Adenoma detection rate and risk of colorectal cancer and death. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(14):1298-306. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  91. US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health. Premarket approval order for Cologuard (P130017), Exact Sciences Corporation, letter dated 11 August 2014 (PDF, 5 pages). Read 22 October 2026. Source
  92. US Food and Drug Administration. Premarket Approval (PMA) database record P130017, Cologuard (Exact Sciences Corporation): received 7 June 2013, decision date 11 August 2014; approval order statement read. The database lists registered trial NCT01260168 for this PMA; the SSED describes the pivotal study as DeeP-C without a registry number, and ClinicalTrials.gov registers DeeP-C as NCT01397747. Page read 22 October 2026. Source
  93. US Food and Drug Administration. Summary of Safety and Effectiveness Data (SSED) for Cologuard, PMA P130017 (Exact Sciences Corporation). PDF read 22 October 2026 (primary clinical study section: DeeP-C). Source
  94. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Vectibix (panitumumab), BLA 125147/108, Amgen, Inc.; electronically signed 23 May 2014. Source
  95. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Vectibix (panitumumab), BLA 125147/186, Amgen, Inc.; electronically signed 23 May 2014. Source
  96. Heinemann V, von Weikersthal LF, Decker T, Kiani A, Vehling-Kaiser U, Al-Batran SE, et al. FOLFIRI plus cetuximab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (FIRE-3): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(10):1065-75. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  97. Holme Ø, Løberg M, Kalager M, Bretthauer M, Hernán MA, Aas E, et al. Effect of flexible sigmoidoscopy screening on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(6):606-15. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  98. Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH, Levin TR, Lavin P, Lidgard GP, et al. Multitarget stool DNA testing for colorectal-cancer screening. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(14):1287-97. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  99. Loupakis F, Cremolini C, Masi G, Lonardi S, Zagonel V, Salvatore L, et al. Initial therapy with FOLFOXIRI and bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(17):1609-18. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  100. Price TJ, Peeters M, Kim TW, Li J, Cascinu S, Ruff P, et al. Panitumumab versus cetuximab in patients with chemotherapy-refractory wild-type KRAS exon 2 metastatic colorectal cancer (ASPECCT): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, non-inferiority phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(6):569-79. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  101. Primrose J, Falk S, Finch-Jones M, Valle J, O'Reilly D, Siriwardena A, et al. Systemic chemotherapy with or without cetuximab in patients with resectable colorectal liver metastasis: the New EPOC randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(6):601-11. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  102. Taieb J, Tabernero J, Mini E, Subtil F, Folprecht G, Van Laethem JL, et al. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin with or without cetuximab in patients with resected stage III colon cancer (PETACC-8): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(8):862-73. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  103. André T, de Gramont A, Vernerey D, Chibaudel B, Bonnetain F, Tijeras-Raballand A, et al. Adjuvant Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and Oxaliplatin in Stage II to III Colon Cancer: Updated 10-Year Survival and Outcomes According to BRAF Mutation and Mismatch Repair Status of the MOSAIC Study. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(35):4176-87. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  104. Bokemeyer C, Köhne CH, Ciardiello F, Lenz HJ, Heinemann V, Klinkhardt U, et al. FOLFOX4 plus cetuximab treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2015;51(10):1243-52. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  105. Cremolini C, Loupakis F, Antoniotti C, Lupi C, Sensi E, Lonardi S, et al. FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: updated overall survival and molecular subgroup analyses of the open-label, phase 3 TRIBE study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(13):1306-15. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  106. US Food and Drug Administration. NDA approval letter, Lonsurf (trifluridine and tipiracil) tablets, NDA 207981, Taiho Oncology, Inc.; electronically signed 22 September 2015. Source
  107. Hegewisch-Becker S, Graeven U, Lerchenmüller CA, Killing B, Depenbusch R, Steffens CC, et al. Maintenance strategies after first-line oxaliplatin plus fluoropyrimidine plus bevacizumab for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (AIO 0207): a randomised, non-inferiority, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(13):1355-69. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  108. Le DT, Uram JN, Wang H, Bartlett BR, Kemberling H, Eyring AD, et al. PD-1 Blockade in Tumors with Mismatch-Repair Deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(26):2509-20. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  109. Lynch HT, Snyder CL, Shaw TG, Heinen CD, Hitchins MP. Milestones of Lynch syndrome: 1895-2015. Nat Rev Cancer. 2015;15(3):181-94. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  110. Mayer RJ, Van Cutsem E, Falcone A, Yoshino T, Garcia-Carbonero R, Mizunuma N, et al. Randomized trial of TAS-102 for refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(20):1909-19. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  111. Simkens LH, van Tinteren H, May A, ten Tije AJ, Creemers GJ, Loosveld OJ, et al. Maintenance treatment with capecitabine and bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer (CAIRO3): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. Lancet. 2015;385(9980):1843-52. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  112. US Food and Drug Administration. Premarket Approval (PMA) database record P130001, Epi proColon (New Day Diagnostics, LLC): received 3 January 2013, decision date 12 April 2016; approval order statement read (methylated Septin 9 DNA in plasma; adults of either sex aged 50 years or older at average risk who have been offered and have a history of not completing colorectal cancer screening); database page last updated 19 October 2026; read 22 October 2026. Source
  113. Price T, Kim TW, Li J, Cascinu S, Ruff P, Suresh AS, et al. Final results and outcomes by prior bevacizumab exposure, skin toxicity, and hypomagnesaemia from ASPECCT: randomized phase 3 non-inferiority study of panitumumab versus cetuximab in chemorefractory wild-type KRAS exon 2 metastatic colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2016;68:51-59. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  114. Sartore-Bianchi A, Trusolino L, Martino C, Bencardino K, Lonardi S, Bergamo F, et al. Dual-targeted therapy with trastuzumab and lapatinib in treatment-refractory, KRAS codon 12/13 wild-type, HER2-positive metastatic colorectal cancer (HERACLES): a proof-of-concept, multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(6):738-746. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  115. Stintzing S, Modest DP, Rossius L, Lerch MM, von Weikersthal LF, Decker T, et al. FOLFIRI plus cetuximab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer (FIRE-3): a post-hoc analysis of tumour dynamics in the final RAS wild-type subgroup of this randomised open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(10):1426-1434. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  116. Arnold D, Lueza B, Douillard JY, Peeters M, Lenz HJ, Venook A, et al. Prognostic and predictive value of primary tumour side in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer treated with chemotherapy and EGFR directed antibodies in six randomized trials. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(8):1713-1729. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  117. Atkin W, Wooldrage K, Parkin DM, Kralj-Hans I, MacRae E, Shah U, et al. Long term effects of once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening after 17 years of follow-up: the UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Screening randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;389(10076):1299-1311. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  118. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, Opdivo (nivolumab), BLA 125554/S-034, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; electronically signed 31 July 2017. Source
  119. US Food and Drug Administration. Approval letter, BLA 125514/S-14, Keytruda (pembrolizumab), Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp.; electronically signed 23 May 2017. Source
  120. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Vectibix (panitumumab) injection, BLA 125147/S-207, Amgen, Inc.; electronically signed 29 June 2017. Source
  121. Kaminski MF, Wieszczy P, Rupinski M, Wojciechowska U, Didkowska J, Kraszewska E, et al. Increased Rate of Adenoma Detection Associates With Reduced Risk of Colorectal Cancer and Death. Gastroenterology. 2017;153(1):98-105. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  122. Kitano S, Inomata M, Mizusawa J, Katayama H, Watanabe M, Yamamoto S, et al. Survival outcomes following laparoscopic versus open D3 dissection for stage II or III colon cancer (JCOG0404): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2(4):261-268. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  123. Overman MJ, McDermott R, Leach JL, Lonardi S, Lenz HJ, Morse MA, et al. Nivolumab in patients with metastatic DNA mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer (CheckMate 142): an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(9):1182-1191. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  124. Siegel RL, Fedewa SA, Anderson WF, Miller KD, Ma J, Rosenberg PS, et al. Colorectal Cancer Incidence Patterns in the United States, 1974-2013. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109(8). PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  125. Venook AP, Niedzwiecki D, Lenz HJ, Innocenti F, Fruth B, Meyerhardt JA, et al. Effect of First-Line Chemotherapy Combined With Cetuximab or Bevacizumab on Overall Survival in Patients With KRAS Wild-Type Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017;317(23):2392-2401. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  126. André T, Vernerey D, Mineur L, Bennouna J, Desrame J, Faroux R, et al. Three Versus 6 Months of Oxaliplatin-Based Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Patients With Stage III Colon Cancer: Disease-Free Survival Results From a Randomized, Open-Label, International Duration Evaluation of Adjuvant (IDEA) France, Phase III Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(15):1469-1477. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  127. Aparicio T, Ghiringhelli F, Boige V, Le Malicot K, Taieb J, Bouché O, et al. Bevacizumab Maintenance Versus No Maintenance During Chemotherapy-Free Intervals in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Phase III Trial (PRODIGE 9). J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(7):674-681. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  128. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, Opdivo (nivolumab) with ipilimumab, BLA 125554/S-063, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; electronically signed 10 July 2018. Source
  129. Grothey A, Sobrero AF, Shields AF, Yoshino T, Paul J, Taieb J, et al. Duration of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Stage III Colon Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(13):1177-1188. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  130. Holme Ø, Løberg M, Kalager M, Bretthauer M, Hernán MA, Aas E, et al. Long-Term Effectiveness of Sigmoidoscopy Screening on Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Women and Men: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2018;168(11):775-782. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  131. Iveson TJ, Kerr RS, Saunders MP, Cassidy J, Hollander NH, Tabernero J, et al. 3 versus 6 months of adjuvant oxaliplatin-fluoropyrimidine combination therapy for colorectal cancer (SCOT): an international, randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(4):562-578. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  132. Li J, Qin S, Xu RH, Shen L, Xu J, Bai Y, et al. Effect of Fruquintinib vs Placebo on Overall Survival in Patients With Previously Treated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: The FRESCO Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;319(24):2486-2496. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  133. Overman MJ, Lonardi S, Wong KYM, Lenz HJ, Gelsomino F, Aglietta M, et al. Durable Clinical Benefit With Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab in DNA Mismatch Repair-Deficient/Microsatellite Instability-High Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(8):773-779. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  134. Sobrero A, Lonardi S, Rosati G, Di Bartolomeo M, Ronzoni M, Pella N, et al. FOLFOX or CAPOX in Stage II to III Colon Cancer: Efficacy Results of the Italian Three or Six Colon Adjuvant Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(15):1478-1485. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  135. Wolf AMD, Fontham ETH, Church TR, Flowers CR, Guerra CE, LaMonte SJ, et al. Colorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults: 2018 guideline update from the American Cancer Society. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(4):250-281. PubMedDOI
  136. US Food and Drug Administration. Premarket Approval (PMA) database record for supplement P130017/S029, Cologuard (Exact Sciences Corporation): received 12 April 2019, decision date 20 September 2019; approval order statement read (expansion of the indicated age range from 50 years or older to 45 years or older); read 22 October 2026 (no approval order document opened). Source
  137. Kopetz S, Grothey A, Yaeger R, Van Cutsem E, Desai J, Yoshino T, et al. Encorafenib, Binimetinib, and Cetuximab in BRAF V600E-Mutated Colorectal Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(17):1632-1643. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  138. Meric-Bernstam F, Hurwitz H, Raghav KPS, McWilliams RR, Fakih M, VanderWalde A, et al. Pertuzumab plus trastuzumab for HER2-amplified metastatic colorectal cancer (MyPathway): an updated report from a multicentre, open-label, phase 2a, multiple basket study. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(4):518-530. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  139. Souglakos J, Boukovinas I, Kakolyris S, Xynogalos S, Ziras N, Athanasiadis A, et al. Three- versus six-month adjuvant FOLFOX or CAPOX for high-risk stage II and stage III colon cancer patients: the efficacy results of Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG) participation to the International Duration Evaluation of Adjuvant Chemotherapy (IDEA) project. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(8):1304-1310. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  140. Yoshino T, Yamanaka T, Oki E, Kotaka M, Manaka D, Eto T, et al. Efficacy and Long-term Peripheral Sensory Neuropathy of 3 vs 6 Months of Oxaliplatin-Based Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer: The ACHIEVE Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(11):1574-1581. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  141. André T, Meyerhardt J, Iveson T, Sobrero A, Yoshino T, Souglakos I, et al. Effect of duration of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage III colon cancer (IDEA collaboration): final results from a prospective, pooled analysis of six randomised, phase 3 trials. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(12):1620-1629. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  142. André T, Shiu KK, Kim TW, Jensen BV, Jensen LH, Punt C, et al. Pembrolizumab in Microsatellite-Instability-High Advanced Colorectal Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(23):2207-2218. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  143. Argilés G, Tabernero J, Labianca R, Hochhauser D, Salazar R, Iveson T, et al. Localised colon cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2020;31(10):1291-1305. PubMedDOI
  144. Bridgewater JA, Pugh SA, Maishman T, Eminton Z, Mellor J, Whitehead A, et al. Systemic chemotherapy with or without cetuximab in patients with resectable colorectal liver metastasis (New EPOC): long-term results of a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(3):398-411. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  145. Cremolini C, Antoniotti C, Rossini D, Lonardi S, Loupakis F, Pietrantonio F, et al. Upfront FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab and reintroduction after progression versus mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab followed by FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab in the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (TRIBE2): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(4):497-507. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  146. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Braftovi (encorafenib) capsules, NDA 210496/S-006, Array BioPharma, Inc.; electronically signed 8 April 2020. Source
  147. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Keytruda (pembrolizumab), BLA 125514/S-084, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.; electronically signed 29 June 2020. Source
  148. Benson AB, Venook AP, Al-Hawary MM, Arain MA, Chen YJ, Ciombor KK, et al. Colon Cancer, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2021;19(3):329-359. PubMedDOI
  149. Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, Cabana M, Caughey AB, Davis EM, et al. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2021;325(19):1965-1977. PubMedDOI
  150. Kanemitsu Y, Shimizu Y, Mizusawa J, Inaba Y, Hamaguchi T, Shida D, et al. Hepatectomy Followed by mFOLFOX6 Versus Hepatectomy Alone for Liver-Only Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (JCOG0603): A Phase II or III Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(34):3789-3799. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  151. Quénet F, Elias D, Roca L, Goéré D, Ghouti L, Pocard M, et al. Cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy versus cytoreductive surgery alone for colorectal peritoneal metastases (PRODIGE 7): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(2):256-266. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  152. Siena S, Di Bartolomeo M, Raghav K, Masuishi T, Loupakis F, Kawakami H, et al. Trastuzumab deruxtecan (DS-8201) in patients with HER2-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer (DESTINY-CRC01): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(6):779-789. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  153. Tabernero J, Grothey A, Van Cutsem E, Yaeger R, Wasan H, Yoshino T, et al. Encorafenib Plus Cetuximab as a New Standard of Care for Previously Treated BRAF V600E-Mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Updated Survival Results and Subgroup Analyses from the BEACON Study. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(4):273-284. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  154. US Preventive Services Task Force. Colorectal Cancer: Screening. Recommendation page; final recommendation statement dated May 18, 2021 (grades A, B and C by age group; clinician summary of screening strategies). Page read 22 October 2026. Source
  155. Bretthauer M, Løberg M, Wieszczy P, Kalager M, Emilsson L, Garborg K, et al. Effect of Colonoscopy Screening on Risks of Colorectal Cancer and Related Death. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(17):1547-1556. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  156. Diaz LA Jr, Shiu KK, Kim TW, Jensen BV, Jensen LH, Punt C, et al. Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer (KEYNOTE-177): final analysis of a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2022;23(5):659-670. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  157. Lenz HJ, Van Cutsem E, Luisa Limon M, Wong KYM, Hendlisz A, Aglietta M, et al. First-Line Nivolumab Plus Low-Dose Ipilimumab for Microsatellite Instability-High/Mismatch Repair-Deficient Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: The Phase II CheckMate 142 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(2):161-170. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  158. Tie J, Cohen JD, Lahouel K, Lo SN, Wang Y, Kosmider S, et al. Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis Guiding Adjuvant Therapy in Stage II Colon Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(24):2261-2272. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  159. Barnell EK, Wurtzler EM, La Rocca J, Fitzgerald T, Petrone J, Hao Y, et al. Multitarget Stool RNA Test for Colorectal Cancer Screening. JAMA. 2023;330(18):1760-1768. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  160. Cervantes A, Adam R, Roselló S, Arnold D, Normanno N, Taïeb J, et al. Metastatic colorectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2023;34(1):10-32. PubMedDOI
  161. Dasari A, Lonardi S, Garcia-Carbonero R, Elez E, Yoshino T, Sobrero A, et al. Fruquintinib versus placebo in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (FRESCO-2): an international, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2023;402(10395):41-53. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  162. Fakih MG, Salvatore L, Esaki T, Modest DP, Lopez-Bravo DP, Taieb J, et al. Sotorasib plus Panitumumab in Refractory Colorectal Cancer with Mutated KRAS G12C. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(23):2125-2139. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  163. US Food and Drug Administration. NDA approval letter, Fruzaqla (fruquintinib), NDA 217564, Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.; electronically signed 8 November 2023. Source
  164. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Lonsurf (trifluridine/tipiracil), NDA 207981/S-012, Taiho Oncology, Inc.; electronically signed 2 August 2023. Source
  165. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, Tukysa (tucatinib) tablets, NDA 213411/S-004, Seagen Inc.; electronically signed 19 January 2023. Source
  166. Morton D, Seymour M, Magill L, Handley K, Glasbey J, Glimelius B, et al. Preoperative Chemotherapy for Operable Colon Cancer: Mature Results of an International Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(8):1541-1552. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  167. Prager GW, Taieb J, Fakih M, Ciardiello F, Van Cutsem E, Elez E, et al. Trifluridine-Tipiracil and Bevacizumab in Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(18):1657-1667. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  168. Strickler JH, Cercek A, Siena S, André T, Ng K, Van Cutsem E, et al. Tucatinib plus trastuzumab for chemotherapy-refractory, HER2-positive, RAS wild-type unresectable or metastatic colorectal cancer (MOUNTAINEER): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2023;24(5):496-508. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  169. Watanabe J, Muro K, Shitara K, Yamazaki K, Shiozawa M, Ohori H, et al. Panitumumab vs Bevacizumab Added to Standard First-line Chemotherapy and Overall Survival Among Patients With RAS Wild-type, Left-Sided Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023;329(15):1271-1282. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  170. Yaeger R, Weiss J, Pelster MS, Spira AI, Barve M, Ou SI, et al. Adagrasib with or without Cetuximab in Colorectal Cancer with Mutated KRAS G12C. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(1):44-54. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  171. Adam R, Piedvache C, Chiche L, Adam JP, Salamé E, Bucur P, et al. Liver transplantation plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in patients with permanently unresectable colorectal liver metastases (TransMet): results from a multicentre, open-label, prospective, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2024;404(10458):1107-1118. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  172. Andre T, Elez E, Van Cutsem E, Jensen LH, Bennouna J, Mendez G, et al. Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Microsatellite-Instability-High Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(21):2014-2026. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  173. Benson AB, Venook AP, Adam M, Chang G, Chen YJ, Ciombor KK, et al. Colon Cancer, Version 3.2024, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2024;22(2 D). PubMedDOI
  174. Chalabi M, Verschoor YL, Tan PB, Balduzzi S, Van Lent AU, Grootscholten C, et al. Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy in Locally Advanced Mismatch Repair-Deficient Colon Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(21):1949-1958. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  175. Chung DC, Gray DM 2nd, Singh H, Issaka RB, Raymond VM, Eagle C, et al. A Cell-free DNA Blood-Based Test for Colorectal Cancer Screening. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(11):973-983. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  176. European Medicines Agency. Lonsurf (trifluridine/tipiracil): European public assessment report page; marketing authorisation issued 25 April 2016; page last updated 5 April 2024. Source
  177. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, Braftovi (encorafenib) capsules, NDA 210496/S-017, Array BioPharma Inc.; electronically signed 20 December 2024. Source
  178. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, Enhertu (fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki), BLA 761139/S-028, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc.; electronically signed 5 April 2024. Source
  179. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, Krazati (adagrasib) tablet, NDA 216340/S-005, Mirati Therapeutics, Inc.; electronically signed 21 June 2024. Source
  180. US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health. Premarket approval order for Shield (P230009), Guardant Health, Inc. (PDF, 7 pages; the extracted letter text does not print its date, so the decision date is taken from the PMA database record). Read 22 October 2026. Source
  181. US Food and Drug Administration. Premarket Approval (PMA) database record P230001, ColoSense (Geneoscopy, Inc.): received 20 January 2023, decision date 3 May 2024; approval order statement and registered trial (NCT04739722) read; read 22 October 2026. Source
  182. US Food and Drug Administration. Premarket Approval (PMA) database record P230009, Shield (Guardant Health, Inc.): received 10 March 2023, decision date 26 July 2024; approval order statement and registered trial (NCT04136002) read; database page last updated 19 October 2026; read 22 October 2026. Source
  183. US Food and Drug Administration. Premarket Approval (PMA) database record P230043, Cologuard Plus (Exact Sciences Corporation): decision date 3 October 2024 (the approval order lists the PMA as filed 2 February 2024); approval order statement and registered trial (NCT04144738) read; read 22 October 2026. Source
  184. US Food and Drug Administration. Summary of Safety and Effectiveness Data (SSED) for ColoSense, PMA P230001 (Geneoscopy, Inc.). PDF read 22 October 2026 (pivotal study section: CRC-PREVENT). Source
  185. US Food and Drug Administration. Summary of Safety and Effectiveness Data (SSED) for Shield, PMA P230009 (Guardant Health, Inc.). PDF read 22 October 2026 (clinical study section: ECLIPSE). Source
  186. US Food and Drug Administration. Summary of Safety and Effectiveness Data (SSED) for Cologuard Plus, PMA P230043 (Exact Sciences Corporation). PDF read 22 October 2026 (pivotal study section: BLUE-C). Source
  187. Imperiale TF, Porter K, Zella J, Gagrat ZD, Olson MC, Statz S, et al. Next-Generation Multitarget Stool DNA Test for Colorectal Cancer Screening. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(11):984-993. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  188. André T, Shiu KK, Kim TW, Jensen BV, Jensen LH, Punt CJA, et al. Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy in microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer: 5-year follow-up from the randomized phase III KEYNOTE-177 study. Ann Oncol. 2025;36(3):277-284. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  189. André T, Elez E, Lenz HJ, Jensen LH, Touchefeu Y, Van Cutsem E, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus nivolumab in microsatellite instability-high metastatic colorectal cancer (CheckMate 8HW): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2025;405(10476):383-395. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  190. Castells A, Quintero E, Bujanda L, Castán-Cameo S, Cubiella J, Díaz-Tasende J, et al. Effect of invitation to colonoscopy versus faecal immunochemical test screening on colorectal cancer mortality (COLONPREV): a pragmatic, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2025;405(10486):1231-1239. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  191. Chia JWK, Segelov E, Deng Y, Ho GF, Wang W, Han S, et al. Aspirin after completion of standard adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer (ASCOLT): an international, multicentre, phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;10(3):198-209. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  192. Courneya KS, Vardy JL, O'Callaghan CJ, Gill S, Friedenreich CM, Wong RKS, et al. Structured Exercise after Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(1):13-25. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  193. Elez E, Yoshino T, Shen L, Lonardi S, Van Cutsem E, Eng C, et al. Encorafenib, Cetuximab, and mFOLFOX6 in BRAF-Mutated Colorectal Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(24):2425-2437. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  194. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Enhertu (fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki), BLA 761139/S-032 and S-035, hormone receptor-positive HER2-low or HER2-ultralow breast cancer; electronically signed 27 January 2025. Read to check for later trastuzumab deruxtecan actions; it concerns breast cancer. Source
  195. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Enhertu (fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki), BLA 761139/S-038 and S-042, first-line treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer with pertuzumab and an adverse-reactions labelling update; electronically signed 15 December 2025. Read to check for later trastuzumab deruxtecan actions; it concerns breast cancer. Source
  196. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter (corrected), Lumakras (sotorasib) tablets, NDA 214665/S-009, Amgen Inc.; electronically signed 16 January 2025. Source
  197. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval and fulfilment of postmarketing requirement letter, Opdivo (nivolumab), BLA 125554/S-132, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; electronically signed 8 April 2025. Source
  198. Hecht JR, Park YS, Tabernero J, Lee MA, Lee S, Virgili AC, et al. Zanzalintinib plus atezolizumab versus regorafenib in refractory colorectal cancer (STELLAR-303): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2025;406(10517):2360-2370. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  199. Kopetz S, Yoshino T, Van Cutsem E, Eng C, Kim TW, Wasan HS, et al. Encorafenib, cetuximab and chemotherapy in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer: a randomized phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2025;31(3):901-908. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  200. Martling A, Hed Myrberg I, Nilbert M, Grönberg H, Granath F, Eklund M, et al. Low-Dose Aspirin for PI3K-Altered Localized Colorectal Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(11):1051-1064. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  201. Pietrantonio F, Salvatore L, Esaki T, Modest DP, Lopez-Bravo DP, Taieb J, et al. Overall Survival Analysis of the Phase III CodeBreaK 300 Study of Sotorasib Plus Panitumumab Versus Investigator's Choice in Chemorefractory KRAS G12C Colorectal Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2025;43(19):2147-2154. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  202. Seligmann JF, Morton D, Elliott F, Handley K, Gray R, Seymour M, et al. Neo-adjuvant FOLFOX with and without panitumumab for patients with KRAS-wt locally advanced colon cancer: results following an extended biomarker panel on the FOxTROT trial embedded phase II population. Ann Oncol. 2025;36(5):520-528. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  203. Shaukat A, Burke CA, Chan AT, Grady WM, Gupta S, Katona BW, et al. Clinical Validation of a Circulating Tumor DNA-Based Blood Test to Screen for Colorectal Cancer. JAMA. 2025;334(1):56-63. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  204. Shi J, Løberg M, Kalager M, Wieszczy P, Pilonis ND, Adami HO, et al. Effect of colonoscopy screening on risks of colorectal cancer and related death: instrumental variable estimation of per-protocol effects. Eur J Epidemiol. 2025;40(4):419-425. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  205. Sung H, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Jiang C, Morgan E, Zahwe M, et al. Colorectal cancer incidence trends in younger versus older adults: an analysis of population-based cancer registry data. Lancet Oncol. 2025;26(1):51-63. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  206. Tie J, Wang Y, Lo SN, Lahouel K, Cohen JD, Wong R, et al. Circulating tumor DNA analysis guiding adjuvant therapy in stage II colon cancer: 5-year outcomes of the randomized DYNAMIC trial. Nat Med. 2025;31(5):1509-1518. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  207. Tie J, Wang Y, Loree JM, Cohen JD, Wong R, Price T, et al. Circulating tumor DNA-guided adjuvant therapy in locally advanced colon cancer: the randomized phase 2/3 DYNAMIC-III trial. Nat Med. 2025;31(12):4291-4300. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  208. American Cancer Society. Survival Rates for Colorectal Cancer. Web page, last revised 13 January 2026; accessed 22 October 2026. Secondary source: the page states that its survival figures come from the SEER database and gives 5-year relative survival for cancers of the colon in people diagnosed between 2014 and 2020. Source
  209. Cremolini C, Chalabi M, Elez E, Fassan M, Gelli M, Goéré D, et al. Metastatic colorectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2026;37(6):759-776. PubMedDOI
  210. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT00883792 (NordICC). Registry record, accessed 20 October 2026. NCT00883792
  211. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT00906997 (COLONPREV). Registry record, accessed 22 October 2026. NCT00906997
  212. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT01001377 (ASPECCT, study 20080763). Registry record, API v2, accessed 22 October 2026. NCT01001377
  213. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT01260168 (a 435-person marker panel selection study; the number the FDA PMA database lists for P130017). Registry record, accessed 22 October 2026. NCT01260168
  214. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT01397747 (DeeP-C). Registry record, accessed 22 October 2026. NCT01397747
  215. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT02997228 (COMMIT, NRG-GI004/S1610). Registry record, API v2, accessed 20 October 2026. NCT02997228
  216. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04089631 (CIRCULATE, AIO-KRK-0217). Registry record, API v2, accessed 22 October 2026. NCT04089631
  217. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04120701 (CIRCULATE, PRODIGE 70). Registry record, API v2, accessed 20 October 2026. NCT04120701
  218. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04136002 (ECLIPSE). Registry record, accessed 22 October 2026. NCT04136002
  219. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04144738 (BLUE-C). Registry record, accessed 22 October 2026. NCT04144738
  220. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04369053 (PREEMPT CRC). Registry record, accessed 22 October 2026. NCT04369053
  221. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04739722 (CRC-PREVENT). Registry record, accessed 22 October 2026. NCT04739722
  222. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04793958 (KRYSTAL-10). Registry record (last update posted 28 September 2026; no results posted), accessed 20 October 2026. NCT04793958
  223. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT05253651 (MOUNTAINEER-03). Registry record, API v2, accessed 20 October 2026. NCT05253651
  224. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT05855200 (AZUR-2). Registry record, API v2, accessed 20 October 2026. NCT05855200
  225. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT06252649 (CodeBreaK 301). Registry record, API v2, accessed 22 October 2026. NCT06252649
  226. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT06662786 (OrigAMI-2). Registry record, API v2, accessed 22 October 2026. NCT06662786
  227. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT06997497 (KANDLELIT-012, MK-1084-012). Registry record, API v2, accessed 20 October 2026. NCT06997497
  228. European Medicines Agency, Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Summary of opinion (post authorisation), Braftovi (encorafenib), 21 May 2026, EMADOC-1700519818-2963478. Accessed 22 October 2026. Source
  229. European Medicines Agency. Braftovi: EPAR overview and product information (indications section). Page accessed 20 October 2026; the page shows a last-updated date of 22/07/2026 and several per-document dates. Source
  230. European Medicines Agency. Braftovi (encorafenib): EPAR, procedural steps taken and scientific information after authorisation (document last updated 1 July 2026). The entry for variation EMA/VR/0000304994 lists the opinion of 21 May 2026 and a Commission decision issued on 19 June 2026. Accessed 22 October 2026. Source
  231. European Medicines Agency, Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Summary of opinion (post authorisation), Erbitux (cetuximab), 21 May 2026, EMADOC-1700519818-2963496. Accessed 22 October 2026. Source
  232. European Medicines Agency. Erbitux (cetuximab): EPAR product page, therapeutic indications and authorisation details (marketing authorisation issued 29 June 2004; documents last updated 15 July 2026). Page accessed 22 October 2026. Source
  233. European Medicines Agency. Erbitux (cetuximab): EPAR, procedural steps taken and scientific information after authorisation (document last updated 15 July 2026). The entries for variations EMA/VR/0000327014 and EMA/VR/0000326978 list opinions of 21 May 2026 and Commission decisions issued on 25 June 2026. Accessed 22 October 2026. Source
  234. European Medicines Agency. Fruzaqla (fruquintinib): European public assessment report page; marketing authorisation issued 20 June 2024; page last updated 21 September 2026. Source
  235. European Medicines Agency. Keytruda: EPAR overview and product information (indications section). Page accessed 20 October 2026; the page shows several per-document last-updated dates in 2026. Source
  236. European Medicines Agency. Opdivo (nivolumab): European public assessment report page. Fetched 20 October 2026. Source
  237. European Medicines Agency. Stivarga (regorafenib): European public assessment report page; marketing authorisation issued 26 August 2013; page last updated 24 March 2026. Source
  238. European Medicines Agency. Xeloda (capecitabine): European public assessment report, product page (marketing authorisation issued 02/02/2001; adjuvant stage III colon cancer indication listed). Page read 22 October 2026. Source
  239. Exelixis, Inc. Form 8-K dated 10 September 2026 (SEC EDGAR): FDA extension of the review period for the zanzalintinib NDA. Company filing; accessed 20 October 2026. Source
  240. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval and fulfilment of postmarketing requirement letter, Braftovi (encorafenib) capsules, NDA 210496/S-019, Array BioPharma Inc.; electronically signed 24 February 2026. Source
  241. US Food and Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA: approval date(s) and history, letters, labels, reviews for BLA 125084 (Erbitux, cetuximab). Page read 20 October 2026; lists ORIG-1 on 02/12/2004, SUPPL-103 on 10/02/2007 and SUPPL-167 on 07/17/2009. Source
  242. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Enhertu (fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki), BLA 761139/S-039, labelling updates based on longer follow-up of the DESTINY-Lung02 study; electronically signed 27 April 2026. Read to check for later trastuzumab deruxtecan actions; it concerns lung cancer labelling. Source
  243. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Enhertu (fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki), BLA 761139/S-041 and S-043, neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer; electronically signed 15 May 2026. Read to check for later trastuzumab deruxtecan actions; it concerns breast cancer. Source
  244. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval and fulfilment of postmarketing requirement letter (voluntary withdrawal of the accelerated-approval colorectal indication), Krazati (adagrasib) tablet, NDA 216340/S-011, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; electronically signed 1 September 2026. Source
  245. US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health. Premarket approval order for SimpleScreen CRC (P250029), Freenome, LLC, letter dated 24 July 2026 (PDF, 7 pages). Read 22 October 2026. Source
  246. US Food and Drug Administration. Premarket Approval (PMA) database record for supplement P230009/S010, Shield (Guardant Health, Inc.): received 14 November 2025, decision date 22 July 2026; supplement type Normal 180 Day Track; approval order statement read; read 22 October 2026 (no approval order document opened). Source
  247. US Food and Drug Administration. Premarket Approval (PMA) database record P250029, SimpleScreen CRC (Freenome, LLC): received 1 August 2025, decision date 24 July 2026; approval order statement and registered trial (NCT04369053) read; database page last updated 19 October 2026; read 22 October 2026. Source
  248. US Food and Drug Administration. Summary of Safety and Effectiveness Data (SSED) for SimpleScreen CRC, PMA P250029 (Freenome, LLC). PDF read 22 October 2026 (pivotal clinical study section: PREEMPT CRC). Source
  249. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, BLA 761034/S-065, Tecentriq (atezolizumab). Signed 8 October 2026. Source
  250. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, Tukysa (tucatinib) tablets, NDA 213411/S-010, with trastuzumab and pertuzumab for maintenance treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer; electronically signed 7 October 2026. Read to check for later tucatinib actions; it concerns breast cancer. Source
  251. Folprecht G, Stasik S, Reinacher-Schick A, Weiss L, Goekkurt E, Jacobasch L, et al. Chemotherapy for patients with circulating tumour DNA-positive, stage II colon cancer (CIRCULATE)-an AIO/ABCSG trial. Ann Oncol. 2026;37(8):1120-1132. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  252. Iveson T, Saunders MP, Kelly C, Kerr RS, Cassidy J, Hollander NH, et al. Three Versus 6 Months of Adjuvant Oxaliplatin-Fluoropyrimidine Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer: Final Results of SCOT-An International, Randomized, Phase III, Noninferiority Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2026;44(7):534-539. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  253. Kanemitsu Y, Shimizu Y, Mizusawa J, Inaba Y, Tsukamoto S, Takashima A, et al. Randomized Phase II/III Trial Comparing Hepatectomy, Followed by mFOLFOX6 With Hepatectomy Alone for Liver Metastasis From Colorectal Cancer: Long-Term Results of JCOG0603. J Clin Oncol. 2026;44(15):1395-1400. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  254. OncLive. FDA extends review period for zanzalintinib plus atezolizumab NDA in pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer. News article published 11 September 2026; accessed 20 October 2026. Secondary source: the company or FDA document was not read. Source
  255. Pentheroudakis G, Argilés G, Arnold D, Smyth E, Ducreux M. ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline Express Update on the adoption of physical exercise in patients with localised colon cancer. ESMO Open. 2026;11(2):106019. PubMedDOI
  256. Rocha Lima CMSP, Yothers G, George TJ, Hochster HS, Sanoff HK, Cohen DJ, et al. COMMIT: A Randomized Study of mFOLFOX6/Bevacizumab/Atezolizumab or Atezolizumab Alone as First-Line Treatment of Deficient DNA Mismatch Repair Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2026;44(29):2824-2834. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  257. Sagawa T, Nagashima H, Fujikawa K. KRAS G12C-mutated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Current Therapeutic Strategies and Future Directions. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2026;57(1). PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  258. National Cancer Institute, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. SEER Cancer Stat Facts: Colorectal Cancer. Page accessed 20 October 2026; the page displays no update date (its HTTP Last-Modified header and last_modified meta tag read 22 April 2026). Source
  259. Siegel RL, Wagle NS, Star J, Kratzer TB, Smith RA, Jemal A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2026. CA Cancer J Clin. 2026;76(2):e70067. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  260. Sinicrope FA, Ou FS, Arnold D, Peters WR, Behrens RJ, Lieu CH, et al. Atezolizumab plus FOLFOX for Stage III Mismatch Repair-Deficient Colon Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2026;394(12):1155-1166. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…
  261. Wolf AMD, Hoffman RM, Walter LC, Zeigler-Johnson C, Church TR, Guerra CE, et al. Colorectal cancer screening: An update to the American Cancer Society guideline, 2026. CA Cancer J Clin. 2026;76(3):e70083. PubMedDOI
    CiteLoading…