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References: Biliary tract cancer

122 sources cited on this page. Links open the primary source.

  1. KLATSKIN G. ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE HEPATIC DUCT AT ITS BIFURCATION WITHIN THE PORTA HEPATIS. AN UNUSUAL TUMOR WITH DISTINCTIVE CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES. Am J Med. 1965;38:241-56. PubMedDOI
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  2. Haswell-Elkins MR, Mairiang E, Mairiang P, Chaiyakum J, Chamadol N, Loapaiboon V, et al. Cross-sectional study of Opisthorchis viverrini infection and cholangiocarcinoma in communities within a high-risk area in northeast Thailand. Int J Cancer. 1994;59(4):505-9. PubMedDOI
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  3. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Infection with Liver Flukes (Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus and Clonorchis sinensis). IARC Summaries & Evaluations, Volume 61 (1994), p. 121, section 5 (Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation). Online text at inchem.org, page last updated 08/26/1997; accessed 25 October 2026. Source
  4. Nakeeb A, Pitt HA, Sohn TA, Coleman J, Abrams RA, Piantadosi S, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma. A spectrum of intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal tumors. Ann Surg. 1996;224(4):463-73; discussion 473-5. PubMedDOI
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  5. Bergquist A, Glaumann H, Persson B, Broomé U. Risk factors and clinical presentation of hepatobiliary carcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a case-control study. Hepatology. 1998;27(2):311-6. PubMedDOI
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  6. Burke EC, Jarnagin WR, Hochwald SN, Pisters PW, Fong Y, Blumgart LH. Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: patterns of spread, the importance of hepatic resection for curative operation, and a presurgical clinical staging system. Ann Surg. 1998;228(3):385-94. PubMedDOI
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  7. Jarnagin WR, Fong Y, DeMatteo RP, Gonen M, Burke EC, Bodniewicz BS J, et al. Staging, resectability, and outcome in 225 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg. 2001;234(4):507-17; discussion 517-9. PubMedDOI
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  8. Lazcano-Ponce EC, Miquel JF, Muñoz N, Herrero R, Ferrecio C, Wistuba II, et al. Epidemiology and molecular pathology of gallbladder cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 2001;51(6):349-64. PubMedDOI
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  9. Ortner ME, Caca K, Berr F, Liebetruth J, Mansmann U, Huster D, et al. Successful photodynamic therapy for nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma: a randomized prospective study. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(5):1355-63. PubMedDOI
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  10. Rea DJ, Heimbach JK, Rosen CB, Haddock MG, Alberts SR, Kremers WK, et al. Liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemoradiation is more effective than resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg. 2005;242(3):451-8; discussion 458-61. PubMedDOI
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  11. Zoepf T, Jakobs R, Arnold JC, Apel D, Riemann JF. Palliation of nonresectable bile duct cancer: improved survival after photodynamic therapy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(11):2426-30. PubMedDOI
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  12. Randi G, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Gallbladder cancer worldwide: geographical distribution and risk factors. Int J Cancer. 2006;118(7):1591-602. PubMedDOI
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  13. Sripa B, Kaewkes S, Sithithaworn P, Mairiang E, Laha T, Smout M, et al. Liver fluke induces cholangiocarcinoma. PLoS Med. 2007;4(7):e201. PubMedDOI
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  14. Bouvard V, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, et al. A review of human carcinogens--Part B: biological agents. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(4):321-2. PubMedDOI
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  15. Okusaka T, Nakachi K, Fukutomi A, Mizuno N, Ohkawa S, Funakoshi A, et al. Gemcitabine alone or in combination with cisplatin in patients with biliary tract cancer: a comparative multicentre study in Japan. Br J Cancer. 2010;103(4):469-74. PubMedDOI
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  16. Shin HR, Oh JK, Lim MK, Shin A, Kong HJ, Jung KW, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma and clonorchiasis in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2010;25(7):1011-6. PubMedDOI
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  17. Valle J, Wasan H, Palmer DH, Cunningham D, Anthoney A, Maraveyas A, et al. Cisplatin plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine for biliary tract cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(14):1273-81. PubMedDOI
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  18. Borger DR, Tanabe KK, Fan KC, Lopez HU, Fantin VR, Straley KS, et al. Frequent mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1 and IDH2 in cholangiocarcinoma identified through broad-based tumor genotyping. Oncologist. 2012;17(1):72-9. PubMedDOI
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  19. Darwish Murad S, Kim WR, Harnois DM, Douglas DD, Burton J, Kulik LM, et al. Efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiation, followed by liver transplantation, for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma at 12 US centers. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(1):88-98.e3; quiz e14. PubMedDOI
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  20. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Biological Agents. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 100B. Lyon: IARC; 2012. Publisher catalogue page (publications.iarc.who.int), read on 25 October 2026; it lists Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis among the agents covered. The volume itself was not read. Source
  21. Arai Y, Totoki Y, Hosoda F, Shirota T, Hama N, Nakamura H, et al. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 tyrosine kinase fusions define a unique molecular subtype of cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology. 2014;59(4):1427-34. PubMedDOI
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  22. Valle JW, Furuse J, Jitlal M, Beare S, Mizuno N, Wasan H, et al. Cisplatin and gemcitabine for advanced biliary tract cancer: a meta-analysis of two randomised trials. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(2):391-8. PubMedDOI
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  23. Nakamura H, Arai Y, Totoki Y, Shirota T, Elzawahry A, Kato M, et al. Genomic spectra of biliary tract cancer. Nat Genet. 2015;47(9):1003-10. PubMedDOI
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  24. Stein A, Arnold D, Bridgewater J, Goldstein D, Jensen LH, Klümpen HJ, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin compared to observation after curative intent resection of cholangiocarcinoma and muscle invasive gallbladder carcinoma (ACTICCA-1 trial) - a randomized, multidisciplinary, multinational phase III trial. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:564. PubMedDOI
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  25. Buisson Y. [Control of Opisthorchis viverrini infection for cholangiocarcinoma prevention]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2017;110(1):61-67. PubMedDOI
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  26. US Food and Drug Administration. Approval letter, BLA 125514/S-14, Keytruda (pembrolizumab), Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp.; electronically signed 23 May 2017. Source
  27. Jusakul A, Cutcutache I, Yong CH, Lim JQ, Huang MN, Padmanabhan N, et al. Whole-Genome and Epigenomic Landscapes of Etiologically Distinct Subtypes of Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Discov. 2017;7(10):1116-1135. PubMedDOI
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  28. Coelen RJS, Roos E, Wiggers JK, Besselink MG, Buis CI, Busch ORC, et al. Endoscopic versus percutaneous biliary drainage in patients with resectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3(10):681-690. PubMedDOI
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  29. Ebata T, Hirano S, Konishi M, Uesaka K, Tsuchiya Y, Ohtsuka M, et al. Randomized clinical trial of adjuvant gemcitabine chemotherapy versus observation in resected bile duct cancer. Br J Surg. 2018;105(3):192-202. PubMedDOI
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  30. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, Vitrakvi (larotrectinib) capsules, NDA 210861, Loxo Oncology, Inc.; signed 26 November 2018. Source
  31. Pereira SP, Jitlal M, Duggan M, Lawrie E, Beare S, O'Donoghue P, et al. PHOTOSTENT-02: porfimer sodium photodynamic therapy plus stenting versus stenting alone in patients with locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer. ESMO Open. 2018;3(5):e000379. PubMed
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  32. Edeline J, Benabdelghani M, Bertaut A, Watelet J, Hammel P, Joly JP, et al. Gemcitabine and Oxaliplatin Chemotherapy or Surveillance in Resected Biliary Tract Cancer (PRODIGE 12-ACCORD 18-UNICANCER GI): A Randomized Phase III Study. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(8):658-667. PubMedDOI
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  33. Morizane C, Okusaka T, Mizusawa J, Katayama H, Ueno M, Ikeda M, et al. Combination gemcitabine plus S-1 versus gemcitabine plus cisplatin for advanced/recurrent biliary tract cancer: the FUGA-BT (JCOG1113) randomized phase III clinical trial. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(12):1950-1958. PubMedDOI
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  34. Primrose JN, Fox RP, Palmer DH, Malik HZ, Prasad R, Mirza D, et al. Capecitabine compared with observation in resected biliary tract cancer (BILCAP): a randomised, controlled, multicentre, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(5):663-673. PubMedDOI
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  35. Shroff RT, Kennedy EB, Bachini M, Bekaii-Saab T, Crane C, Edeline J, et al. Adjuvant Therapy for Resected Biliary Tract Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(12):1015-1027. PubMedDOI
  36. Abou-Alfa GK, Macarulla T, Javle MM, Kelley RK, Lubner SJ, Adeva J, et al. Ivosidenib in IDH1-mutant, chemotherapy-refractory cholangiocarcinoma (ClarIDHy): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(6):796-807. PubMedDOI
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  37. Abou-Alfa GK, Sahai V, Hollebecque A, Vaccaro G, Melisi D, Al-Rajabi R, et al. Pemigatinib for previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(5):671-684. PubMedDOI
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  38. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, NDA 213736, Pemazyre (pemigatinib) tablets, Incyte Corporation; electronically signed 17 April 2020. Indication in the letter: adults with previously treated, unresectable locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with a fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusion or other rearrangement as detected by an FDA-approved test. Source
  39. Ramai D, Zakhia K, Etienne D, Asarian A, Reddy M. Gerald Klatskin (1910-1986): A pioneer in hepato-biliary disorders and biopsy techniques. J Med Biogr. 2020;28(4):199-202. PubMedDOI
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  40. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Miller D, Brest A, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2017, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; based on the November 2019 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site April 2020 (the index page shows 'Released April 15, 2020'). Table 1.4, Age-Adjusted SEER Incidence and U.S. Death Rates and 5-Year Relative Survival (Percent) by Primary Cancer Site, Sex and Time Period, All Races: incidence from the SEER 21 areas and US mortality for 2013-2017, survival from the SEER 18 areas for 2010-2016. PDF read on 25 October 2026. The index page calls this a past version of the Cancer Statistics Review, provided for reference purposes only. Two other tables of the same review were also read and are referred to in the caveats: Table 1.2 (68-year trends in US cancer death rates, whose footnote states that its liver and intrahepatic bile duct group includes gallbladder and biliary tract, not otherwise specified) and Table 1.7 (SEER incidence and US mortality trends, 2008-2017, annual percent change). Source
  41. Subbiah V, Lassen U, Élez E, Italiano A, Curigliano G, Javle M, et al. Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with BRAF(V600E)-mutated biliary tract cancer (ROAR): a phase 2, open-label, single-arm, multicentre basket trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(9):1234-1243. PubMedDOI
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  42. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, NDA 211192/S-008, Tibsovo (ivosidenib) tablets, Servier Pharmaceuticals LLC; electronically signed 25 August 2021. The letter approves a new indication for adults with previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with an IDH1 mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test. It does not use the word accelerated. Source
  43. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, NDA 214622, Truseltiq (infigratinib) capsules, QED Therapeutics, Inc.; Reference ID 4803321; electronic signature dated 05/28/2021. Source
  44. Javle M, Roychowdhury S, Kelley RK, Sadeghi S, Macarulla T, Weiss KH, et al. Infigratinib (BGJ398) in previously treated patients with advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 fusions or rearrangements: mature results from a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6(10):803-815. PubMedDOI
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  45. Javle M, Borad MJ, Azad NS, Kurzrock R, Abou-Alfa GK, George B, et al. Pertuzumab and trastuzumab for HER2-positive, metastatic biliary tract cancer (MyPathway): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2a, multiple basket study. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(9):1290-1300. PubMedDOI
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  46. Lamarca A, Palmer DH, Wasan HS, Ross PJ, Ma YT, Arora A, et al. Second-line FOLFOX chemotherapy versus active symptom control for advanced biliary tract cancer (ABC-06): a phase 3, open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(5):690-701. PubMedDOI
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  47. Sarcognato S, Sacchi D, Fassan M, Fabris L, Cadamuro M, Zanus G, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma. Pathologica. 2021;113(3):158-169. PubMedDOI
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  48. Zhang XF, Xue F, He J, Alexandrescu S, Marques HP, Aldrighetti L, et al. Proposed modification of the eighth edition of the AJCC staging system for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. HPB (Oxford). 2021;23(9):1456-1466. PubMedDOI
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  49. Zhu AX, Macarulla T, Javle MM, Kelley RK, Lubner SJ, Adeva J, et al. Final Overall Survival Efficacy Results of Ivosidenib for Patients With Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma With IDH1 Mutation: The Phase 3 Randomized Clinical ClarIDHy Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(11):1669-1677. PubMedDOI
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  50. Bridgewater J, Fletcher P, Palmer DH, Malik HZ, Prasad R, Mirza D, et al. Long-Term Outcomes and Exploratory Analyses of the Randomized Phase III BILCAP Study. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(18):2048-2057. PubMedDOI
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  51. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. BLA 761069/S-035 supplement approval letter, Imfinzi (durvalumab), AstraZeneca UK Limited; electronic signature 2 September 2022. New indication: with gemcitabine and cisplatin for adults with locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer. Source
  52. US Food and Drug Administration. Corrected approval letter, NDA 214801, Lytgobi (futibatinib) tablets, Taiho Oncology, Inc.; electronically signed 5 October 2022. The letter says the effective action date remains 30 September 2022, the date of the original letter (cited separately as fda-lytgobi-2022-nda214801-letter), and that the product is approved under accelerated approval regulations (21 CFR 314.500). Source
  53. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, NDA 214801, Lytgobi (futibatinib) tablets, Taiho Oncology, Inc.; Reference ID 5053999; electronic signature dated 09/30/2022. Source
  54. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, Retevmo (selpercatinib) capsules, NDA 213246/S-008 (the letter header prints the NDA as 212346), Loxo Oncology Inc.; signed 21 September 2022. Source
  55. US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Accelerated approval letter, NDA 202806/S-022, Tafinlar (dabrafenib) capsules, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Reference ID 5002947; electronic signature dated 06/22/2022. Source
  56. Guedj N. Pathology of Cholangiocarcinomas. Curr Oncol. 2022;30(1):370-380. PubMedDOI
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  57. Liu P, Song Y, Shakoor K, Peng C, Liu S. The pros and cons of the PCC staging system to guide surgical resectability and prognosis. J Cancer. 2022;13(13):3444-3451. PubMedDOI
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  58. Oh DY, Ruth He A, Qin S, Chen LT, Okusaka T, Vogel A, et al. Durvalumab plus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer. NEJM Evid. 2022;1(8):EVIDoa2200015. PubMedDOI
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  59. Phelip JM, Desrame J, Edeline J, Barbier E, Terrebonne E, Michel P, et al. Modified FOLFIRINOX Versus CISGEM Chemotherapy for Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer (PRODIGE 38 AMEBICA): A Randomized Phase II Study. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(3):262-271. PubMedDOI
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  60. European Medicines Agency, Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Summary of opinion (initial authorisation), Tibsovo (ivosidenib), EMA/CHMP/76153/2023, 23 February 2023. Source
  61. European Medicines Agency. Tibsovo (ivosidenib): European public assessment report (EPAR) page. Marketing authorisation issued 04/05/2023; page last updated 25/02/2026. Page read 2026-10-20. Source
  62. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. BLA 125514/S-144 supplement approval letter, Keytruda (pembrolizumab), Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC; electronic signature 31 October 2023. New indication: with gemcitabine and cisplatin for locally advanced unresectable or metastatic biliary tract cancer, based on the final analysis of KEYNOTE-966. Source
  63. US Food and Drug Administration. Supplement approval letter, NDA 202806/S-027, Tafinlar (dabrafenib) capsules, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Reference ID 5234527; electronic signature dated 08/31/2023; extends the age range of the tumour-agnostic indication from 6 years and older to 1 year and older. Source
  64. Goyal L, Meric-Bernstam F, Hollebecque A, Valle JW, Morizane C, Karasic TB, et al. Futibatinib for FGFR2-Rearranged Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(3):228-239. PubMedDOI
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  65. Harding JJ, Fan J, Oh DY, Choi HJ, Kim JW, Chang HM, et al. Zanidatamab for HER2-amplified, unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer (HERIZON-BTC-01): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2b study. Lancet Oncol. 2023;24(7):772-782. PubMedDOI
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  66. Ioka T, Kanai M, Kobayashi S, Sakai D, Eguchi H, Baba H, et al. Randomized phase III study of gemcitabine, cisplatin plus S-1 versus gemcitabine, cisplatin for advanced biliary tract cancer (KHBO1401- MITSUBA). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2023;30(1):102-110. PubMedDOI
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  67. Kelley RK, Ueno M, Yoo C, Finn RS, Furuse J, Ren Z, et al. Pembrolizumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin compared with gemcitabine and cisplatin alone for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (KEYNOTE-966): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023;401(10391):1853-1865. PubMedDOI
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  68. Nakachi K, Ikeda M, Konishi M, Nomura S, Katayama H, Kataoka T, et al. Adjuvant S-1 compared with observation in resected biliary tract cancer (JCOG1202, ASCOT): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023;401(10372):195-203. PubMedDOI
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  69. Villard C, Friis-Liby I, Rorsman F, Said K, Warnqvist A, Cornillet M, et al. Prospective surveillance for cholangiocarcinoma in unselected individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. 2023;78(3):604-613. PubMedDOI
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  70. Vogel A, Bridgewater J, Edeline J, Kelley RK, Klümpen HJ, Malka D, et al. Biliary tract cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2023;34(2):127-140. PubMedDOI
  71. Chen LT, Vogel A, Hsu C, Chen MH, Fang W, Pangarsa EA, et al. Pan-Asian adapted ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with biliary tract cancer. ESMO Open. 2024;9(8):103647. PubMedDOI
  72. US Food and Drug Administration. BLA accelerated approval letter, Bizengri (zenocutuzumab-zbco) injection, BLA 761352, Merus N.V.; electronically signed 4 December 2024. Source
  73. US Food and Drug Administration. Accelerated approval letter, Enhertu (fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki), BLA 761139/S-028, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc.; electronically signed 5 April 2024. Source
  74. US Food and Drug Administration. WITHDRAWN: FDA grants accelerated approval to infigratinib for metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. Approval notification page; its update states that on 16 May 2024 the FDA announced the final withdrawal of the approval of infigratinib (Truseltiq), and that accelerated approval had been granted on 28 May 2021. Page accessed 25 October 2026. Source
  75. US Food and Drug Administration. Corrected accelerated approval letter, BLA 761416, Ziihera (zanidatamab-hrii) injection, Jazz Pharmaceuticals Ireland, Limited; electronically signed 10 December 2024. The letter says the effective action date remains 20 November 2024, the date of the original approval, and gives the indication as previously treated, unresectable or metastatic HER2-positive (IHC3+) biliary tract cancer as detected by an FDA-approved test. Its postmarketing requirement names the randomised confirmatory study JZP598-302. Source
  76. US Food and Drug Administration. BLA accelerated approval letter, BLA 761416, Ziihera (zanidatamab-hrii) injection, Jazz Pharmaceuticals Ireland, Limited; Reference ID 5482738; electronic signature dated 11/20/2024. Source
  77. Meric-Bernstam F, Makker V, Oaknin A, Oh DY, Banerjee S, González-Martín A, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Patients With HER2-Expressing Solid Tumors: Primary Results From the DESTINY-PanTumor02 Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2024;42(1):47-58. PubMedDOI
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  78. Oh DY, He AR, Bouattour M, Okusaka T, Qin S, Chen LT, et al. Durvalumab or placebo plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in participants with advanced biliary tract cancer (TOPAZ-1): updated overall survival from a randomised phase 3 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;9(8):694-704. PubMedDOI
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  79. Ohba A, Morizane C, Kawamoto Y, Komatsu Y, Ueno M, Kobayashi S, et al. Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Expressing Biliary Tract Cancer (HERB; NCCH1805): A Multicenter, Single-Arm, Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2024;42(27):3207-3217. PubMedDOI
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  80. Vogel A, Sahai V, Hollebecque A, Vaccaro GM, Melisi D, Al Rajabi RM, et al. An open-label study of pemigatinib in cholangiocarcinoma: final results from FIGHT-202. ESMO Open. 2024;9(6):103488. PubMedDOI
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  81. American Cancer Society. Survival Rates for Bile Duct Cancer. Web page, last revised 2 July 2025 (date as reported by the fetch tool); accessed 25 October 2026 through the fetch tool. Secondary source: the page gives 5-year relative survival by SEER stage, with an all-stages row, for people diagnosed between 2015 and 2021, in separate tables for intrahepatic and extrahepatic (perihilar and distal) bile duct cancer. Its only data reference is SEER*Explorer, accessed 13 June 2025; the page does not name the registry set. Source
  82. American Cancer Society. Survival Rates for Gallbladder Cancer. Web page, last revised 16 May 2025 (date as reported by the fetch tool); accessed 25 October 2026 through the fetch tool. Secondary source: the page gives 5-year relative survival by SEER stage for cancers diagnosed 2015 to 2021 (no all-stages figure). Its reference is SEER*Explorer (dated 16 April 2025, cited 19 April 2025), SEER Incidence Data, November 2024 Submission (1975-2022), SEER 21 registries excluding Illinois. Source
  83. Barner-Rasmussen N, Molinaro A, Mol B, Ponsioen C, Bergquist A, Kautiainen H, et al. Surveillance of primary sclerosing cholangitis - a comparison of scheduled or on-demand ERCP with annual MRI surveillance: a multicenter study. Endoscopy. 2025;57(5):431-440. PubMedDOI
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  84. European Medicines Agency. Lytgobi (futibatinib): European public assessment report page. The page lists the marketing authorisation as issued 04/07/2023 (CHMP opinion 26/04/2023) and states that the medicine received a conditional marketing authorisation; page last updated 29/10/2025. Page read 25 October 2026. Source
  85. FDA. Prescribing information, Lytgobi (futibatinib), label version effective 27 October 2025 (openFDA drug label record, set ID 0b1332a1-0581-4707-9bf6-1eccfa39bef4). Source
  86. Oh DY, He AR, Qin S, Chen LT, Okusaka T, Kim JW, et al. Durvalumab plus chemotherapy in advanced biliary tract cancer: 3-year overall survival update from the phase III TOPAZ-1 study. J Hepatol. 2025;83(5):1092-1101. PubMedDOI
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  87. Schram AM, Goto K, Kim DW, Macarulla T, Hollebecque A, O'Reilly EM, et al. Efficacy of Zenocutuzumab in NRG1 Fusion-Positive Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(6):566-576. PubMedDOI
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  88. Shroff RT, King G, Colby S, Scott AJ, Borad MJ, Goff L, et al. SWOG S1815: A Phase III Randomized Trial of Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Nab-Paclitaxel Versus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Newly Diagnosed, Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2025;43(5):536-544. PubMedDOI
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  89. Souza M, Lima LCV, Al-Sharif L, Huang DQ. Incidence of Hepatobiliary Malignancies in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;23(10):1695-1709.e13. PubMedDOI
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  90. Yong YSS, Lee ZR, Soh YTN, Low SCA. Preoperative Imaging Assessment and Staging of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Tips and Pitfalls. J Korean Soc Radiol. 2025;86(1):45-67. PubMedDOI
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  91. Abou-Alfa GK, Borbath I, Roychowdhury S, Goyal L, Lamarca A, Macarulla T, et al. Phase III trial of infigratinib versus gemcitabine/cisplatin in adults with advanced cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 gene fusion or rearrangement: results and reflections on early termination of PROOF 301. ESMO Open. 2026;11(4):106306. PubMedDOI
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  92. Bekaii-Saab TS, Melisi D, Wilmink H, Garufi C, Tran N, Tortora G, et al. Pemigatinib for Unresectable or Metastatic Cholangiocarcinoma With Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-2 Rearrangement: Results From the Phase III FIGHT-302 Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2026;44(23):2187-2197. PubMedDOI
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  93. Cancer Research UK. Gallbladder cancer survival statistics. Health professional page. Accessed 25 October 2026; the page text displays no update date. It gives 5-year survival of 11.8% for people diagnosed with gallbladder cancer in England in 2016 to 2020, and age-specific figures for ages 15 to 54 (18.2%) and 75 to 99 (6.7%). It does not name the registry source in the page text read. Source
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