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References: Thymoma and thymic carcinoma

93 sources cited on this page. Links open the primary source.

  1. Blalock A, Mason MF, Morgan HJ, Riven SS. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS AND TUMORS OF THE THYMIC REGION: REPORT OF A CASE IN WHICH THE TUMOR WAS REMOVED. Ann Surg. 1939;110(4):544-61. PubMedDOI
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  2. Bergh NP, Gatzinsky P, Larsson S, Lundin P, Ridell B. Tumors of the thymus and thymic region: I. Clinicopathological studies on thymomas. Ann Thorac Surg. 1978;25(2):91-8. PubMedDOI
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  3. Masaoka A, Monden Y, Nakahara K, Tanioka T. Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages. Cancer. 1981;48(11):2485-92. PubMedDOI
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  4. Fornasiero A, Daniele O, Ghiotto C, Piazza M, Fiore-Donati L, Calabró F, et al. Chemotherapy for invasive thymoma. A 13-year experience. Cancer. 1991;68(1):30-3. PubMedDOI
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  6. Suster S, Rosai J. Thymic carcinoma. A clinicopathologic study of 60 cases. Cancer. 1991;67(4):1025-32. PubMedDOI
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  8. Loehrer PJ Sr, Kim K, Aisner SC, Livingston R, Einhorn LH, Johnson D, et al. Cisplatin plus doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide in metastatic or recurrent thymoma: final results of an intergroup trial. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Southwest Oncology Group, and Southeastern Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(6):1164-8. PubMedDOI
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  9. Giaccone G, Ardizzoni A, Kirkpatrick A, Clerico M, Sahmoud T, van Zandwijk N. Cisplatin and etoposide combination chemotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic thymoma. A phase II study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(3):814-20. PubMedDOI
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  10. Regnard JF, Magdeleinat P, Dromer C, Dulmet E, de Montpreville V, Levi JF, et al. Prognostic factors and long-term results after thymoma resection: a series of 307 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;112(2):376-84. PubMedDOI
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  11. Zhang H, Lu N, Wang M, Gu X, Zhang D. Postoperative radiotherapy for stage I thymoma: a prospective randomized trial in 29 cases. Chin Med J (Engl). 1999;112(2):136-8. PubMed
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  12. Loehrer PJ Sr, Jiroutek M, Aisner S, Aisner J, Green M, Thomas CR Jr, et al. Combined etoposide, ifosfamide, and cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced thymoma and thymic carcinoma: an intergroup trial. Cancer. 2001;91(11):2010-5. PubMed
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  13. Okumura M, Ohta M, Tateyama H, Nakagawa K, Matsumura A, Maeda H, et al. The World Health Organization histologic classification system reflects the oncologic behavior of thymoma: a clinical study of 273 patients. Cancer. 2002;94(3):624-32. PubMedDOI
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  14. Kondo K, Monden Y. Therapy for thymic epithelial tumors: a clinical study of 1,320 patients from Japan. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76(3):878-84; discussion 884-5. PubMedDOI
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  15. Kim ES, Putnam JB, Komaki R, Walsh GL, Ro JY, Shin HJ, et al. Phase II study of a multidisciplinary approach with induction chemotherapy, followed by surgical resection, radiation therapy, and consolidation chemotherapy for unresectable malignant thymomas: final report. Lung Cancer. 2004;44(3):369-79. PubMedDOI
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  16. Loehrer PJ Sr, Wang W, Johnson DH, Aisner SC, Ettinger DS. Octreotide alone or with prednisone in patients with advanced thymoma and thymic carcinoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(2):293-9. PubMedDOI
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  17. Kunitoh H, Tamura T, Shibata T, Takeda K, Katakami N, Nakagawa K, et al. A phase II trial of dose-dense chemotherapy, followed by surgical resection and/or thoracic radiotherapy, in locally advanced thymoma: report of a Japan Clinical Oncology Group trial (JCOG 9606). Br J Cancer. 2010;103(1):6-11. PubMedDOI
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  18. Detterbeck FC, Nicholson AG, Kondo K, Van Schil P, Moran C. The Masaoka-Koga stage classification for thymic malignancies: clarification and definition of terms. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6(7 Suppl 3):S1710-6. PubMedDOI
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  19. Lemma GL, Lee JW, Aisner SC, Langer CJ, Tester WJ, Johnson DH, et al. Phase II study of carboplatin and paclitaxel in advanced thymoma and thymic carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(15):2060-5. PubMedDOI
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  20. Pennathur A, Qureshi I, Schuchert MJ, Dhupar R, Ferson PF, Gooding WE, et al. Comparison of surgical techniques for early-stage thymoma: feasibility of minimally invasive thymectomy and comparison with open resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;141(3):694-701. PubMedDOI
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  21. Bhora FY, Chen DJ, Detterbeck FC, Asamura H, Falkson C, Filosso PL, et al. The ITMIG/IASLC Thymic Epithelial Tumors Staging Project: A Proposed Lymph Node Map for Thymic Epithelial Tumors in the Forthcoming 8th Edition of the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors. J Thorac Oncol. 2014;9(9 Suppl 2):S88-96. PubMedDOI
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  22. Detterbeck FC, Stratton K, Giroux D, Asamura H, Crowley J, Falkson C, et al. The IASLC/ITMIG Thymic Epithelial Tumors Staging Project: proposal for an evidence-based stage classification system for the forthcoming (8th) edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumors. J Thorac Oncol. 2014;9(9 Suppl 2):S65-72. PubMedDOI
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  23. European Medicines Agency. Cyramza (ramucirumab): European public assessment report, product page and medicine overview; marketing authorisation issued 19/12/2014. Source
  24. Kondo K, Van Schil P, Detterbeck FC, Okumura M, Stratton K, Giroux D, et al. The IASLC/ITMIG Thymic Epithelial Tumors Staging Project: proposals for the N and M components for the forthcoming (8th) edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumors. J Thorac Oncol. 2014;9(9 Suppl 2):S81-7. PubMedDOI
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  25. Korst RJ, Bezjak A, Blackmon S, Choi N, Fidias P, Liu G, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced thymic tumors: a phase II, multi-institutional clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147(1):36-44, 46.e1. PubMedDOI
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  26. Marx A, Ströbel P, Badve SS, Chalabreysse L, Chan JK, Chen G, et al. ITMIG consensus statement on the use of the WHO histological classification of thymoma and thymic carcinoma: refined definitions, histological criteria, and reporting. J Thorac Oncol. 2014;9(5):596-611. PubMedDOI
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  27. Nicholson AG, Detterbeck FC, Marino M, Kim J, Stratton K, Giroux D, et al. The IASLC/ITMIG Thymic Epithelial Tumors Staging Project: proposals for the T Component for the forthcoming (8th) edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumors. J Thorac Oncol. 2014;9(9 Suppl 2):S73-80. PubMedDOI
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  28. Petrini I, Meltzer PS, Kim IK, Lucchi M, Park KS, Fontanini G, et al. A specific missense mutation in GTF2I occurs at high frequency in thymic epithelial tumors. Nat Genet. 2014;46(8):844-9. PubMedDOI
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  29. Ruffini E, Detterbeck F, Van Raemdonck D, Rocco G, Thomas P, Weder W, et al. Tumours of the thymus: a cohort study of prognostic factors from the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;46(3):361-8. PubMedDOI
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  30. Ruffini E, Detterbeck F, Van Raemdonck D, Rocco G, Thomas P, Weder W, et al. Thymic carcinoma: a cohort study of patients from the European society of thoracic surgeons database. J Thorac Oncol. 2014;9(4):541-8. PubMedDOI
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  31. Ahmad U, Yao X, Detterbeck F, Huang J, Antonicelli A, Filosso PL, et al. Thymic carcinoma outcomes and prognosis: results of an international analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;149(1):95-100, 101.e1-2. PubMedDOI
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  32. Girard N, Ruffini E, Marx A, Faivre-Finn C, Peters S. Thymic epithelial tumours: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26 Suppl 5:v40-55. PubMedDOI
  33. Hirai F, Yamanaka T, Taguchi K, Daga H, Ono A, Tanaka K, et al. A multicenter phase II study of carboplatin and paclitaxel for advanced thymic carcinoma: WJOG4207L. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(2):363-8. PubMedDOI
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  34. Marx A, Chan JK, Coindre JM, Detterbeck F, Girard N, Harris NL, et al. The 2015 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Thymus: Continuity and Changes. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10(10):1383-95. PubMedDOI
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  35. Omasa M, Date H, Sozu T, Sato T, Nagai K, Yokoi K, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy is effective for thymic carcinoma but not for thymoma in stage II and III thymic epithelial tumors: the Japanese Association for Research on the Thymus Database Study. Cancer. 2015;121(7):1008-16. PubMedDOI
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  36. Thomas A, Rajan A, Berman A, Tomita Y, Brzezniak C, Lee MJ, et al. Sunitinib in patients with chemotherapy-refractory thymoma and thymic carcinoma: an open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(2):177-86. PubMedDOI
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  37. Weis CA, Yao X, Deng Y, Detterbeck FC, Marino M, Nicholson AG, et al. The impact of thymoma histotype on prognosis in a worldwide database. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10(2):367-72. PubMedDOI
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  38. Rimner A, Yao X, Huang J, Antonicelli A, Ahmad U, Korst RJ, et al. Postoperative Radiation Therapy Is Associated with Longer Overall Survival in Completely Resected Stage II and III Thymoma-An Analysis of the International Thymic Malignancies Interest Group Retrospective Database. J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11(10):1785-92. PubMedDOI
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  39. Burt BM, Yao X, Shrager J, Antonicelli A, Padda S, Reiss J, et al. Determinants of Complete Resection of Thymoma by Minimally Invasive and Open Thymectomy: Analysis of an International Registry. J Thorac Oncol. 2017;12(1):129-136. PubMedDOI
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  40. Giaccone G, Kim C, Thompson J, McGuire C, Kallakury B, Chahine JJ, et al. Pembrolizumab in patients with thymic carcinoma: a single-arm, single-centre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(3):347-355. PubMedDOI
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  41. Imbimbo M, Vitali M, Fabbri A, Ottaviano M, Pasello G, Petrini I, et al. RELEVENT Trial: Phase II Trial of Ramucirumab, Carboplatin, and Paclitaxel in Previously Untreated Thymic Carcinoma/B3 Thymoma With Area of Carcinoma. Clin Lung Cancer. 2018;19(5):e811-e814. PubMedDOI
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  42. Radovich M, Pickering CR, Felau I, Ha G, Zhang H, Jo H, et al. The Integrated Genomic Landscape of Thymic Epithelial Tumors. Cancer Cell. 2018;33(2):244-258.e10. PubMedDOI
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  43. Cho J, Kim HS, Ku BM, Choi YL, Cristescu R, Han J, et al. Pembrolizumab for Patients With Refractory or Relapsed Thymic Epithelial Tumor: An Open-Label Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(24):2162-2170. PubMedDOI
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  44. Cooper JD. History of Thymectomy for Myasthenia Gravis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2019;29(2):151-158. PubMedDOI
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  45. Ma WL, Lin CC, Hsu FM, Lee JM, Chen JS, Hsieh MS, et al. Clinical Outcomes of Up-front Surgery Versus Surgery After Induction Chemotherapy for Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study. Clin Lung Cancer. 2019;20(6):e609-e618. PubMedDOI
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  46. Sato J, Satouchi M, Itoh S, Okuma Y, Niho S, Mizugaki H, et al. Lenvatinib in patients with advanced or metastatic thymic carcinoma (REMORA): a multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(6):843-850. PubMedDOI
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  47. Yang CJ, Hurd J, Shah SA, Liou D, Wang H, Backhus LM, et al. A national analysis of open versus minimally invasive thymectomy for stage I to III thymoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020;160(2):555-567.e15. PubMedDOI
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  48. Basse C, Botticella A, Molina TJ, Falcoz PE, Oulkhouir Y, Kerjouan M, et al. RADIORYTHMIC: Phase III, Opened, Randomized Study of Postoperative Radiotherapy Versus Surveillance in Stage IIb/III of Masaoka Koga Thymoma after Complete Surgical Resection. Clin Lung Cancer. 2021;22(5):469-472. PubMedDOI
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  49. Eisai Co., Ltd. and MSD K.K. Press release (in Japanese) dated 23 March 2021 announcing that Lenvima (lenvatinib) obtained approval in Japan for the additional indication of unresectable thymic carcinoma, based on the REMORA study; read 25 October 2026. Company announcement, not a regulator document. The page is in Japanese and its title is translated here. Source
  50. National Cancer Center (Japan). First drug approved for unresectable thymic carcinoma. Press release dated 23 March 2021, read 25 October 2026. States that Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare approved lenvatinib as an additional indication for unresectable thymic carcinoma on 23 March 2021, on the basis of the REMORA study; gives no label wording. Source
  51. Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (Japan). Review Report, Lenvima Capsules 4 mg and 10 mg (lenvatinib mesilate), thymic carcinoma, 1 February 2021; with the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Report on the Deliberation Results, 3 March 2021. PMDA English translation. Source
  52. Tateishi Y, Horita N, Namkoong H, Enomoto T, Takeda A, Kaneko T. Postoperative Radiotherapy for Completely Resected Masaoka/Masaoka-Koga Stage II/III Thymoma Improves Overall Survival: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 4746 Patients. J Thorac Oncol. 2021;16(4):677-685. PubMedDOI
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  53. Marx A, Chan JKC, Chalabreysse L, Dacic S, Detterbeck F, French CA, et al. The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Thymus and Mediastinum: What Is New in Thymic Epithelial, Germ Cell, and Mesenchymal Tumors?. J Thorac Oncol. 2022;17(2):200-213. PubMedDOI
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  54. Roden AC, Ahmad U, Cardillo G, Girard N, Jain D, Marom EM, et al. Thymic Carcinomas-A Concise Multidisciplinary Update on Recent Developments From the Thymic Carcinoma Working Group of the International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group. J Thorac Oncol. 2022;17(5):637-650. PubMedDOI
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  55. Gerber TS, Strobl S, Marx A, Roth W, Porubsky S. Epidemiology of thymomas and thymic carcinomas in the United States and Germany, 1999-2019. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1308989. PubMedDOI
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  56. Okumura M, Marino M, Cilento V, Goren E, Ruffini E, Dibaba D, et al. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Thymic Epithelial Tumor Staging Project: Proposal for the T Component for the Forthcoming (Ninth) Edition of the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors. J Thorac Oncol. 2023;18(12):1638-1654. PubMedDOI
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  57. Proto C, Manglaviti S, Lo Russo G, Musca M, Galli G, Imbimbo M, et al. STYLE (NCT03449173): A Phase 2 Trial of Sunitinib in Patients With Type B3 Thymoma or Thymic Carcinoma in Second and Further Lines. J Thorac Oncol. 2023;18(8):1070-1081. PubMedDOI
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  58. Ambrogi MC, Aprile V, Lenzini A, Bacchin D, Mastromarino MG, Korasidis S, et al. TNM Staging System in Thymoma: A Critical Appraisal?. J Clin Med. 2024;13(2). PubMedDOI
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  59. Basse C, Khalifa J, Thillays F, Le Pechoux C, Maury JM, Bonte PE, et al. Recommendations for Post-Operative RadioTherapy After Complete Resection of Thymoma-a French DELPHI Consensus Initiative. J Thorac Oncol. 2024;19(7):1095-1107. PubMedDOI
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  60. Fang W, Girard N, Cilento V, Goren E, Dibaba D, Ruffini E, et al. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Thymic Epithelial Tumors Staging Project: Proposals for the N and the M Components for the Forthcoming (Ninth) Edition of the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors. J Thorac Oncol. 2024;19(1):52-70. PubMedDOI
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  61. He T, Yao J, Chen J, Liu T, Dang J. Postoperative radiotherapy for completely resected thymoma and thymic carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2024;19(8):e0308111. PubMedDOI
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  62. National Cancer Institute, PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma Treatment (PDQ), Health Professional Version. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; the page shows 'Updated: October 25, 2024' and 'Latest Updates to This Summary (10/25/2024)' (editorial changes only). Accessed 25 October 2026. The summary states that it does not provide formal guidelines. Source
  63. Niho S, Sato J, Satouchi M, Itoh S, Okuma Y, Mizugaki H, et al. Long-term follow-up and exploratory analysis of lenvatinib in patients with metastatic or recurrent thymic carcinoma: Results from the multicenter, phase 2 REMORA trial. Lung Cancer. 2024;191:107557. PubMedDOI
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  64. Patel AJ, Smith A, Ruffini E, Bille A. Robotic-assisted versus video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for thymic epithelial tumours, from the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2024;66(4). PubMedDOI
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  65. Proto C, Ganzinelli M, Manglaviti S, Imbimbo M, Galli G, Marabese M, et al. Efficacy and safety of ramucirumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel in untreated metastatic thymic carcinoma: RELEVENT phase II trial (NCT03921671). Ann Oncol. 2024;35(9):817-826. PubMedDOI
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  66. Tsao AS, Hsieh MH, Koczywas M, Tu J, Riess J, Tanvetyanon T, et al. S1701, A Randomized Phase 2 Trial of Carboplatin-Paclitaxel With and Without Ramucirumab in Patients With Locally Advanced, Recurrent, or Metastatic Thymic Carcinoma. JTO Clin Res Rep. 2024;5(12):100738. PubMedDOI
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  67. Bang YH, Noh JM, Lee B, Choi YL, Yang K, Pyo H, et al. Perioperative Pembrolizumab for Locally Advanced Thymic Epithelial Tumors: A Single-Arm, Phase 2 Trial. J Thorac Oncol. 2025;20(12):1829-1842. PubMedDOI
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  68. IPP Bureau. Chugai's Tecentriq gets green light in Japan for hard-to-treat Thymic Carcinoma. Indian Pharma Post, 27 December 2025. Source
  69. Klug M, Kirshenboim Z, Truong MT, Sorin V, Gilat EK, Strange CD, et al. The Ninth Edition TNM Staging System for Thymic Epithelial Tumors: A Comprehensive Review. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2025;7(5):e250144. PubMedDOI
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  70. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan), Report on the Deliberation Results, 3 December 2025, and Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency Review Report, 10 November 2025: Tecentriq for Intravenous Infusion 1,200 mg (atezolizumab), partial change application for unresectable thymic carcinoma (Japanese original). Source
  71. Riely GJ, Wood DE, Loo BW Jr, Aisner DL, Akerley W, Bauman JR, et al. Thymomas and Thymic Carcinomas, Version 2.2025, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2025;23(6):255-269. PubMedDOI
  72. Shukuya T, Asao T, Goto Y, Mimori T, Takayama K, Kaira K, et al. Activity and safety of atezolizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with advanced or recurrent thymic carcinoma (MARBLE): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2025;26(3):331-342. PubMedDOI
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  73. American Cancer Society. Key Statistics About Thymus Cancers. Web page, last revised 12 August 2026; accessed 25 October 2026. Secondary source: gives about 1.7 cases per million people a year in the US and approximately 600 new cases a year, says the exact number is not known, and does not name the data source or years behind the figures. Source
  74. American Cancer Society. Survival Rates for Thymus Cancer. Web page, last revised 12 August 2026; accessed 25 October 2026. Secondary source: the page says the American Cancer Society relies on the SEER database (its reference is SEER*Explorer, accessed 13 June 2026) and gives 5-year relative survival by SEER stage for people diagnosed with thymus cancer between 2015 and 2021. Source
  75. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT02633553 (adjuvant radiotherapy for stage II/III thymoma, Fudan University). Registry record, API v2, accessed 25 October 2026. NCT02633553
  76. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04731610 (RADIO-RYTHMIC). Registry record, API v2, accessed 25 October 2026. NCT04731610
  77. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT06402708 (FUSCC-Thymic 3). Registry record, API v2, accessed 25 October 2026. NCT06402708
  78. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT07383142 (CHOICE-2). Registry record, API v2, accessed 25 October 2026. NCT07383142
  79. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT07463313 (6 versus 3 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy). Registry record, API v2, accessed 25 October 2026. NCT07463313
  80. European Medicines Agency. Keytruda (pembrolizumab): European public assessment report page. Fetched 21 October 2026. Source
  81. European Medicines Agency. Lenvima (lenvatinib): European public assessment report (EPAR) page. Page read 20 October 2026 (authorisation details, indication text and, where stated, the news item). The page is not a procedural-steps document or a Union Register entry. Source
  82. European Medicines Agency. Sutent (sunitinib): European public assessment report page (authorised indications; page last updated 10 March 2025). Fetched 25 October 2026. Source
  83. EMA. Tecentriq (atezolizumab): European public assessment report page; lists a urothelial carcinoma monotherapy indication (page read 20 October 2026). Source
  84. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. CYRAMZA (ramucirumab) prescribing information, Indications and Usage, via the openFDA drug label API (label version 48, effective 9 June 2026). Source
  85. US Food and Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA: approval date(s) and history, letters, labels, reviews for NDA 206947 (Lenvima, lenvatinib mesylate capsules, Eisai Inc). Page read 25 October 2026; the most recent supplement listed with the category Efficacy-New Indication is SUPPL-35 dated 09/24/2026. The page text does not mention the thymus. Source
  86. US Food and Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA: approval date(s) and history, letters, labels, reviews for BLA 761034 (Tecentriq, atezolizumab injection, Genentech Inc). Page read 25 October 2026; the most recent supplement listed with the category Efficacy-New Indication is SUPPL-65 dated 10/08/2026. The page text does not mention the thymus. Source
  87. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. KEYTRUDA prescribing information, Indications and Usage, via the openFDA drug label API (label version effective 10 July 2026). Source
  88. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, via DailyMed (National Library of Medicine). LENVIMA (lenvatinib) capsule and kit, Eisai Inc., prescribing information, Indications and Usage (SPL version 82, label effective 14 October 2026). Source
  89. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Sandostatin (octreotide acetate) injection prescribing information, Indications and Usage, via the openFDA drug label API (label version 23, effective 22 July 2026). Source
  90. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. SUTENT (sunitinib malate) prescribing information, Indications and Usage, via the openFDA drug label API (label version 50, effective 20 February 2026). Source
  91. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, via DailyMed (National Library of Medicine). TECENTRIQ (atezolizumab) injection, Genentech, Inc., prescribing information, Indications and Usage (SPL version 46, label effective 13 October 2026); the TECENTRIQ HYBREZA label (set ID a617b089-ce66-464b-987b-b45d029b4d6f, effective 13 October 2026) was read as well. Source
  92. US Food and Drug Administration, openFDA drug label API (api.fda.gov/drug/label.json; data last updated 23 October 2026). Searches of the indications_and_usage field made 25 October 2026 with the quoted terms thymoma (1 label, effective 2010, immune globulin whose indications include agammaglobulinemia associated with thymoma), thymic (1 label, Tezspire, a thymic stromal lymphopoietin blocker for asthma), thymic carcinoma, thymic epithelial, thymic tumor and thymic tumors (no matches). A targeted text search, not an indication database review. Source
  93. Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (Japan). Re-examination Report, Lenvima Capsules 4 mg and 10 mg (lenvatinib mesilate), 13 April 2026 (Japanese original; lists approval dates by indication). Source